Hi Magdy Soltan

Sunflower meal is a valuable source of protein for fish species, particularly in its dehulled form. It is often used to replace soybean meal since it is free of trypsin inhibitors and has a higher vitamin content than soybean meal. Also, sunflower meal gave the highest average body weight.

u can go through

http://www.feedipedia.org/node/732

shenana

Dear Magdy Soltan;

I tried to answer your question in the following way and hope it helps you.

In recent years, many researchers have tried different kind of plant meals (including soybean, sunflower and canola, among other) to substitute fish meal in diets and the percentage of substitution has varied according to species, fish size and feeding habits. Initially, the alternative raw materials were selected because they were less expensive and more available than fish meal and fish oil, but it is currently also necessary to consider raw materials with an adequate balance in amino acid profile, good digestibility, high level protein content, and a suitable palatability to be considered good protein sources in fish diets. Fish meal substitution can reach maximum values of 40% depending on the protein type (Kissil et al., 2000; Pereira and Oliva-Teles, 2004; Martínez-Llorens et al., 2009) in diets for seabream feeding, when the replacement is with a single protein source. However, when the fish meal is substituted by a mixture of various protein sources, the results in marine species such as the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are very promising (Kaushik et al., 2004).

Sunflower meal (SFM) is highly palatable and has low antinutritional factors (a polyphenolic compound 1–3%), but has low levels of lysine. In addition, it has high levels of fibre (18–23%) and lignin. It has been used as an alternative plant protein to fish meal with good results but up to 30% maximum levels. The best performances were obtained in rainbow trout (22% of SFM, Martínez, 1984), Tilapia rendelli (20% SFM, Olvera-Novoa et al., 2002), Nile tilapia (14% SFM, Furuya et al., 2000), Atlantic salmon (33% SFM, Gill et al., 2006), gilthead sea bream (12% SFM, Sanchez-Lozano et al., 2007) and sharpsnout sea bream (30% SFM, Mérida et al, 2010) without any adverse effect on fish growth.

References:

Furuya, V.R.B., Furaya, W.M., Hayshi, C., Soares, C.M., 2000. Niveles de inclusión de harina de girasol en la alimentación de la tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) en etapa juvenil. Zootecnia Trop. 18 (1), 1–10.

Gill, N., Higgs, D.A., Skura, B.J., Rowshandeli, M., Dosanjh, S., Mann, J., Gannam, A.L., 2006. Nutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for postsmolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water. Aquac. Res. 37, 1348–1359.

Kaushik, S.J., Covès, D., Dutto, G., Blanc, D., 2004. Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost, the European seabass, Dicentrarchux labrax. Aquaculture 230, 391–404.

Kissil, G.Wm., Lupatsch, I., Higgs, D.A., Hardy, R.W., 2000. Dietary substitution of soy and rapeseed protein concentrates for fish meal, and their effects on growth and nutrient utilization in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. Aquac. Res. 31, 595–601.

Martínez, C.A., 1984. Advances in the substitution of fish meal and soybean meal by sunflower meal in diets of rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri L.). An. Inst. Cienc. Mar Limnol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Méx. 13 (2), 345–350.

Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás, A., Jauralde, I., Pla, M., Jover, M., 2009. Optimun dietary soybean meal level for maximizing growth and nutrient utilization of on-growing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquacult. Nutr. 15, 1365–2095.

Mérida, S.N., Tomás-Vidal, A., Martínez-Llorens, S., Cerdá, M.J., 2010. Sunflower meal as a partial substitute in juvenile sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) diets: Amino acid retention, gut and liver histology. Aquaculture 298, 275–281.

Olvera-Novoa, M., Olivera-Castillo, L., Martínez-Palacios, C.A., 2002. Sunflower seed meal as a protein source in diet for Tilapia rendalli (Boulanger, 1986) fingerlings. Aquac. Res. 33, 223–229.

Pereira, T.G., Oliva-Teles, A., 2004. Evaluation of micronized lupin seed meal as an alternative protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Aquac. Res. 35, 828–835.

Sanchez-Lozano, N.B., Tomás-Vidal, A., Martínez-Llorens, S., Nogales-Mérida, S., Espert Blanco, J., Moñino, A., Pla, M., Jover Cerdá, J., 2007. Growth and economic profit of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed sunflower meal. Aquaculture 272, 528–534.

Despite being highly palatable and having low antinutritional factors (polyphenols, approximately 1–3%), sunflower meal is low in lysine content. In addition, it has high levels of fibre (18–23%) and lignin. As a substitute plant protein for fish meal, it has good results, but at a maximum of 30%.