I thought that this would be an interesting question to put to Open AI.
I submitted this question: "How did Mander calculate concrete damage plasticity?"
and this was the answer from https://chat.openai.com/chat :
"Mander et al. developed a model for calculating concrete damage plasticity using a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches. Their model considers concrete as a heterogeneous material, taking into account the effects of both micro- and macro-level damage on its behavior under stress. The model integrates both the elastic and plastic responses of concrete, with damage being represented by a damage variable that is a function of the plastic strain.
In the model, concrete is assumed to have an isotropic damage variable that is proportional to the plastic strain and the rate of plastic strain. The damage variable affects the concrete's stress-strain behavior by reducing its stiffness and strength. The model also takes into account the influence of confining pressure on the behavior of confined concrete, which is commonly used in practical engineering applications.
To validate their model, Mander et al. conducted a series of experiments on concrete under different loading conditions and compared the results to the predictions of their model. The good agreement between the experimental results and the model predictions demonstrated the validity of the model for calculating concrete damage plasticity.
It is important to note that the Mander model is just one of many models that have been developed to describe the behavior of concrete under stress, and its applicability may depend on the specific conditions and requirements of a particular engineering problem."
Mandar's article can be found at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sameera-Hippola/post/Hello_Everyone_Does_anyone_have_excel_file_for_calculating_stress-strain_curve_for_concrete_compressive_behavior_using_Mander_etal_Model/attachment/60d8c15c940b0d00016f7115/AS%3A1039376230412289%401624818012721/download/1-3-Mander2.pdf
This is in an answer to a question by Sandeep Gharti Magar at Zhengzhou University which was asked on the 14th June, 2021.