Decision-making is a very important and important task in all aspects of life for the person, both in dealing with oneself, with his family, in his field of study and work. Those who wish to succeed must acquire the skill of decision-making, but the worst possible mistake is to escape from decision making and not taking, or rushing to make a decision has not been properly studied.

But the perception of a group dominates. If you consider each piece of information and the decisions on that information involves a distortion of the original experience/thereby no decision relates to the original delivery of information. Making any decision references past, present and future and therefore is strictly always biased.

There are many reasons why strategic intelligence is required to support policy decisions. These primarily stem from the nature of today’s knowledge society with two contrasting trends. On one hand, there is a trend of increasing human intelligence in the economic, social and political systems.

The decision must be studied ... but sometimes the decision is made in exceptional circumstances without knowing the results ...

My greetings

Stanley Wilkin So true what you state. Different personalities or characters can have different perception on data and about the information process.

It is best to have a successful decision.

Artur Victoria In my opinion, the term information has no rule as to how it is to be defined. It is defined as necessary for a particular theory. Anyone who thinks that given definitions of "information" are wrong or incomplete can expect to adapt the term to their own purpose without having to object. However, if it is criticized, one should give one's own definition and show that certain facts are better captured than previously known definitions.

I will take an information definition from the Internet: "Information can consciously be transmitted as a message from a sender to a receiver via a channel/data carrier or it can also be transported unconsciously and attract attention through the perception of form and property of an object."

I think one can work with this definition, and this or a similar description is often used which contains the elements "sender - receiver - medium - contexts". Of course, the transmission errors that often happen in everyday life and are called "misunderstandings" are a never missing chapter in any textbook of communication theory. - I find it interesting that one can distinguish two types of theory by pointing out the problem that a transmitted information is understood differently by the receiver than the sender meant it.

The first type of theory is presented by the statement: "Of course there are such imprecise, misleading forms of communication, but by asking questions and confirming or correcting, we as recipients of a message intended for us personally can ascertain how it is meant: that is, eliminating errors is part of our everyday communication."

A completely different, almost opposite type of communication is represented by scientists who say: mutual understanding is in principle impossible. Not only because people themselves usually do not know exactly whether their "message", which they communicate in the form of language, is actually the fullness of their thoughts (it is indeed a shortening and clarifying form of the thought world). More importantly: each person is different and no one can look into another person's consciousness: Even if people think they have understood each other, they don't know it - and the biggest conflicts occur, where people are unsuspecting and don't know why. Luhmann and Watzlawick had developed their theories on this basis - and I find them particularly interesting.

Hein, its the nature of providing information: if a General tells an officer, for example, to attack a ridge unless he has supporting devices, the ridge could mean anything, even with a map the order presents problems. The problem is not solved but confused if a senior officer attempts to confirm the order. The first officer's decision as to which ridge or part of it therefore becomes random. His action is random.

Hein Retter that comes in my study:

Topics:

Leadership: Style and Style Change

Psychological Maturity

Leadership: Style and Style Change

Psychological Maturity

Maturity for Work

Communication

- The Communication Process - Language and Communication - Interpersonal communication - Organizational communication -

Data, Information and Knowledge

- Transform Data into Information and Knowledge - The Boost of Decisions - Improve communication - Involvement of people in the decision - Technology as support - Representation of Elements in Decision Making

It happens sometimes but should not be a usual habit. Decisions shouldn't be taken in a hurry. One must consider all the necessary issues before take a final step.

Sometimes, but the best is to be a wise man in making his decisions until none thereafter

Okay, nothing objections to the given comments. I would like to add: Misunderstandings are often not a "debt" or "guilt" of the receiver, they are often intended by the sender, no matter whether he intends to set up a relationship trap (so-called "double-bind") with his information and "show" the receiver to the public as someone who constantly only provokes, or whether he basically does not want to divulge important information, but pretends to have communicated it. This is a daily business for political rhetoric in public affairs. That's how it happens. So you need, if possible, the same facts in order to be able to assess them for an upcoming decision.

Hein Retter

Taking a decision without being informed what you are going to decide is ridiculous, how is that possible. The question that arises her, what is the purpose of taking a decision? Human beings intend to take a decision when they have a full information about a serious object. Their decisions are closely based on fact information that completely force them to do what they have to do. My opinion

You do not always have all the information and still have to take decisions.

We are never completely informed in any decision-making process; there is always an information gap. Reducing this uncertainty or existential gap is a subject matter of value preferences and living with their consequences, once the decision is out. A step-by-step method can help us to reduce mistakes and errors by using feedback-loops for corrective purposes.

Most of times it happens but it is not correct,before taking any decision regarding anybody we have to involve or inform them and take final decision.

“Whenever you see a successful business, someone once made a courageous decision.”

― Peter F. Drucker

I think almost the same as Stephen I. Ternyik. We can't fulfill information gap. Risks always following decision making process.

We just take decision based on available information.

Decision making without the adequate information is just like gambling. It may prove either good or bad for us.

Respected sir Artur, very effective and impressive piece of writing.

You have explicitly discussed role of data, information and knowledge, in decision making process and rightly mentioned that there is no formula for right decision making. Yes, in the past lack of information was concern in decision making , now excess information is major concern. For me, team decisions are not always good, as many situations where security and safety issues are there, and in time of critical situation , there is a need for autocratic decisions, no time for consultation; again team decisions involved many interpersonal and moral concerns of teams members, rightly mentioned by Stephen covey in his book eighth habit, poisonous group Dynamics, so team decisions can be risky at times and individual decisions have their own draw backs.

Technologies can be helpful in future to reach almost perfect decisions.

Nazia Asad I agree with you and in my paper is not written that decisions are taken in team. Decisions are taken by the leader or competent for assume the responsibility of a decision. The question I try to emphasise is that to take a decision it is necessary to have all the information as possible. The several ways to get data and treat it to become a information it is an analysis process of the one that takes the decision.

Thanks for you kind comment!

On the basis of his experiments, neuroscientist Benjamin Libet has suggested that many actions involving spontaneous rapidly performed movements are initiated by unconscious processes in the brain before a conscious decision is made to perform the actions in question:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet

It is known that:

1- Postponing the decision in emergency situations facing the institution is a serious mistake. 2- As the rush to make a decision without adequate information in normal circumstances is a serious mistake.

But large institutions can develop a different decision-making system: through a creative team that always thinks about the possibilities and risks facing the institution. Which helps leaders to make emergency decisions, with minimal loss.

In theory and many decision making techniques assume the decision makers know all the information and outcome of their decision and thus the decision makers are rational in the sense that they always pick the best solution given a set of solutions. However, this is not always true especially when the problem is complex and has several objectives. Game theory approaches can help modeling more realistic approaches of decision making. That's where we some times state stable solution, which all decision makers can agree on is better than an optimal solution which no-one or a few totally disagree. You might find more discussion on that in: Article Sequential ordering of crane service requests considering th...

I think, we are always challenged to make important decisions without knowing all conditions, facts and effects of our decision. That's risk of life. But we hope we can control them.

A common situation is when one is facing a legal document to sign, meaning taking full responsibility that one has fully understood and accept all the terms of this document. The travesty of this situation is that a legal language in every country in the world is as much different from a spoken or even literature language like calculus differs from arithmetic.

Without a legal education, or a legal expert to clarify all terms and conditions translated in a commonly used language, one is not capable to make a right decision. Many people having just elementary school education cannot understand things even with a help of a qualified lawyer.

When I look back on my life, it was a few but very momentous decisions that led in my youth to the fact that this time is not very attractive in my memory, but basically unresolved in its problems, which I could not solve at that time, in several relationship crises. But then - surprisingly - I later made better decisions that were so good that they are still positive today. Many decades ago, however, I could not have imagined that they were much so successful and still are today. The problem is that daily the old situations and persons emergy always in my mind.

I continue the last thought: Problems that were not solved successfully or completely in the past will appear again and again later. The history of our biography always brings us back to the unresolved past, even if this does not necessarily lead to a real disturbance of our positive consciousness.

I agree with Zainab A. Makawi

Risk and challenge are essential. Karl's point is right. And further if you judge too much you miss a good chance, job, challenge and certainly relationship. My best relationships have been motivated by passion-and my worst.

I carefully read all answers. Very beneficial discussions. Thank you all so much for sharing your opnions on the best and desirable decision-making.

Even under an uncertain situation that we were not completely informed in a decision-making process, we should sometimes make a big decision. I follow my intuition and heart such times. As a scholar, I am now doing my best to present evidence-based informed shared decision-making rationales on my research question (optimal safe nurse staffing levels).

Taking specific decision is too crucial but sometimes unconsciously someone do to decisively take it either as a challenge or unaware to the coming sequences .

I think it's good that this is an open discussion, and everyone can write whatever comes to mind.

Yes, sometimes there is no other option. Sometimes it is necessary to make decisions on the basis of limited information regarding the domain, sphere, object, entity, etc., which is related to the decision to choose a specific option, etc. It is not always possible to obtain complete, exhaustive information within a specific, limited time within which a decision must be made.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz