In Edo time, there were four GO schools.  All disciples from one school is prohibited from playing games with any other player from other schools without 'formal' permission. All practice games were considered Trade secret.  Calculation done on the GO board is more of a recursive function pending on pre-set 'dimension' of the board.  I am wondering if  professional GO player would fair better against AlphaGo on 17x17 or 23x23 board...  You are right at saying this is a wonder promotion of Go game.  

That Chinese link stated that one of the two chief designers of AlphaGo was originally from Taiwan obsessed with Go game itself. Before joining Google team, he worked with Remi Coulom, a French academia specialized in MCTS. http://www.remi-coulom.fr/

I was delighted to see that the human beat the computer (4th game out of 5?)

 yes.  4th game AlphaGo lost yet in some Chinese circle, ironically people were saying that AlphaGo was 'cheating' to let loose of its 'winning' algorithm to let human win on purpose.  But more importantly, does AlphaGo know how to 'learn' about its opponents weakness or strong traits instead of mere optimization of all known board states?  I do believe human players play differently against different opponents which isn't programmed into AlphaGo. 

My conjecture is that Go game might be a 'solved' problem mathematically.  I once had this idea of a spherical Go board where every position has 4 liberties, with 3 sets of n=even/odd# of planes dissect Go sphere.  2D go board is simply an approximation of the spherical Go with certain edge-perturbation accounted for.  My Omega-Go doesn't need _any_ board game records but its own functional output with stepping steps and time constraints and current instance of opponent's moves as variables. 

I am very inspired by this article. ( the link is broken somehow... hmm...will check again...)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287961356_Opinion

Article Opinion

I am setting up a new instance to run mod_virgule 

https://github.com/steevithak/mod_virgule

Once compilation on new hardware/cloud computing is done, will use existing data sets to do field tests.  Open for any other suggestion of ideas.

Question I have in mind now:

1. root seeds change from 4  to  4+ new 1 or 1+ new 3 ...   what effect will trust network experience?   

2.0  observing the effect of 1 Paradigm shift ... and test difference in predictability due to different restrictions on data assess etc...

http://advogato.p2b.tv/proj/mod_virgule/

https://sourceforge.net/projects/virgule/

http://v2dev.p2b.tv/trust-metric.html

enrolled in coursera 'Linguistic Intro' class. This research paper looks interesting! 

Introducing a scansion machine for Dutch poetry and prose

Marc van Oostendorp

Leiden University Centre for Linguistics

e-mail: [email protected]

http://loquens.revistas.csic.es/index.php/loquens/article/view/13/32

Also papers by Ray Jackendoff, 

http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/jackendoff/recent.html

Week 1: Introduction to linguistics

Required Readings

Anderson, Stephen R. "How Many Languages are there in the World?” Linguistic Society of America Brochure Series, 2010 Click here to read.

Jackendoff, Ray. "How did Language begin?" Linguistic Society of America. Click here to read.

Dasgupta, Shreya. "Can any animals talk and use language like humans?" BBC Online, 16 Februari 2015. Click here to read.

"Language Status" Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version, 2014. Click here to read.

"The Waggle Dance of the Honeybee." Georgia Tech College of Computing, 2011. Click here to watch.

Background readings.

Background Readings

Michael Tomasello (2010). “Origins of Human Communication”. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Click here for more information.

Steven Pinker (1994). “The Language Instinct: How the mind creates language”. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. Click here for more information.

Victoria A. Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams (2013). “An Introduction to Language." 10th ed. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. Click here for more information.

Noam Chomsky (2006). “The Architecture of Language”. Oxford India Paperbacks. Click here for more information.

Guy Deutscher (2006). “The Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind’s Greatest Invention”. Holt Paperbacks. Click here for more information.

Joel Davis (1994). "Mother Tongue: How Humans Create Language. Birch Lane Press." Click here for more information.

Week2:  The study of sound: Phonology and phonetics

Required Readings

Maddieson, Ian. "Consonant Inventories." In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2013 Click here to read.

Maddieson, Ian. "Vowel Quality Inventories." In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2013 Click here to read.

IPA chart to help you during the quiz.

Background Readings

Bruce Hayes (2008). “Introductory Phonology”. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Click here for more information.

John Clark, Colin Yallop and Janet Fletcher (2006). “An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology" 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Click here for more information.

William Hardcastle, John Laver and Fiona Gibbon (eds.) (2010). “The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences." 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Click here for more information.

Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson (2014). “A Course in Phonetics." 7th ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Click here for more information.

Keith Johnson (2011). “Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics 3rd ed.” Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Click here for more information.

Heinz J. Giegerich (1992). “English Phonology: an introduction.” Cambridge: Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics.Click here for more information.

FAQ Ethnologue

Week 3: Study of words and sentences: morphology and syntax.

Required Reading

Bernard Comrie. "Linguistic Typology". in Annual Review of Anthropology. 1988: vol. 17. pp 145-159. [This link is currently being repaired by Coursera due to an unexpected technical problem. We sincerely apologize for the inconvenience! The course staff expects the arrival of a new entry soon.]

Background Readings

Noel Burton-Roberts (2011). “Analysing Sentences: An introduction to English Syntax." 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.Click here for more information.

Maggie Tallerman (2013). “Understanding Syntax." 3rd ed. New York: Routledge. Click here for more information.

David Crystal (1995). The Structure of Sentences in “The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Click here for more information.

Mark Aronoff, Kirsten Fudeman (2011). “What is Morphology?" 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Click here for more information.

Andrew Carnie (2013). “Syntax: A Generative Introduction.” Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Click here for more information.

Noam Chomsky (2002). “Syntactic Structures.” The Hague: Mouton. Click here for more information.

Jean Berko (1958). “The Child's Learning of English Morphology.” Massachusetts: UMI Dissertations Publishing. Click here for more information.

Rochelle Lieber (2010) "Introducing Morphology". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Click here for more information.

Week 4: Study of meanings: pragmatics and semantics

Required Readings

Derek Bickerton (2010) "Words Cannot Express" in The New York Times. 3 September 2010. Click here to read.

Guy Deutscher (2010) "Does your language shape how you think?" in The New York Times Magazine, 26 August 2010. Click here to read.

John McWhorter (2010). "Language as Thought: Watch out for the Hype" in New Repulic, 2 September 2010. Click here to read.

Stuart Whatley (2014) "The Magnificent "Accretion of Random Habits": on Language, Perception and the World" in Los Angeles Review of Books. Click here to read.

Background Readings

Guy Deutscher (2011) "Through the Language Glass". London: Arrow Books. Click here for more information.

John McWhorter (2014) "The Language Hoax". Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. Click here for more information.

Alan Cruse (2011). “Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics." 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Click here for more information.

Nick Riemer (2010). "Introducing Semantics". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Click here for more information.

Lakoff, George (1987). "Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind". Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Click here for more information.

Paul Grice (1975). Logic and Conversation in P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.) “Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, Speech Acts”. New York: Academic Press. Click here for more information.

Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1987). “Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Click here for more information.

John Searle (1969). “Speech Acts: An essay in the philosophy of language.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Click here for more information.

Richard Watts (2003). “Politeness.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Click here for more information.

J. Austin (1962). “How to do Things with words”. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Click here for more information.

"Language bears, on the face of it, the promise of mathematical treatment' - Z. Harris

http://zelligharris.org/Lentin2002.pdf

Finished 1st reading on 'interrogatives in a syntactic framework' by Z. Harris

http://zelligharris.org/The.Interr.in.a.Synt.Frame.78.pdf

Now reading 'the background of transformational and metalanguage analysis' by Z. Harris

http://zelligharris.org/HAR.pdf

http://leibniz-bouvet.swarthmore.edu/letters/letter-n-no-date-may-june-1706-leibniz-to-bouvet/

Leibniz describes '围棋‘ to Jesuit  Priest Bouvet in 1706

http://leibniz-bouvet.swarthmore.edu/letters/letter-n-no-date-may-june-1706-leibniz-to-bouvet/

Dear Susan,

The possibility of developing superintelligence should force AI 'engineerds' (

Dear Susan,

Perhaps more directly of interest to you [some current ideas about how AI progress is faring in medicine], here:

https://www.wired.com/2016/11/artificial-intelligence-dig-cures-buried-online/

Think this link will be useful for you

https://www.tastehit.com/blog/google-deepmind-alphago-how-it-works/

regards

There is a new web-resource that attempts to collect all the latest ["up-to-speed on deep-learning"

thank you all for your contributions, @Saeed Al Rashid, thanks for that tastehit link !

I also have spent time on Quata Magazine and Simone Foundation site,  sipping through many reportages on exciting new developments from Math world since two separate breakthrough:

#1:  Dr. Zhang Yitang's 2014 paper 'bounded gap between primes', Reviewer: D. R. Heath-Brown (Oxford)  concludes: "In spite of these developments the present paper remains an outstanding landmark in the history of prime number theory. Moreover the author’s novel extension of the Bombieri--Vinogradov Theorem has potential applications beyond the bounded prime gaps question."  [1]

#2: Subhash Knot's Unique Game Conjecture (  first published in 2002...) [2]-[3]

My intuition tells me that  Go game ( my OmegaGo construct..)  CAN be expressed as one field of application for probing approximations/correctness of UGC.   

To quote @Joachim Pimiskern:

Go players think differently: I'm 15 points behind,

so I have to catch up. My opponent has 6 major ko

threats and I have 4, but I observed that he's

trying to avoid fights. I could try to save my

group in the middle by starting a ko and could

then play lots of local ko threats...

-- end quote

Each 'Go player' is doing the algorithmic calculation on the power of  'two prover 1 round' to the whole board from all existing positions.  Yes?  Strong Go players could visualize over 200 pseudo-steps ...   "1 round" means what in UGC ? ... when 3-D boards ( with uniformed 4 liberty of every position) mapping to 2-D board with less-liberty on the edge positions, can we think of them as  Inner PCP and outer PCP, in terms of 围棋's territorial accounting rule? 

Re: DeepMind's Alpha Go,  it is based on co-evolution neural networks of 'value' and 'policy' [4]

Loic Matthey • 8 months ago

"[Deep Learning] usually refers to training neural networks in an unsupervised manner, and greedily, layer-by-layer"

Actually not really the definition in the community right now (although that's how they were proposed). Right now, as long as you have a neural network with many many layers, and train the whole thing end-to-end according to a loss function, that's Deep Learning.

Supervised learning works best (e.g. ImageNet), RL works as well under certain conditions.

http://annals.math.princeton.edu/2014/179-3/p07

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_games_conjecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_(complexity)

https://www.tastehit.com/blog/google-deepmind-alphago-how-it-works/

https://www.simonsfoundation.org/mathematics-and-physical-science/approximately-hard-the-unique-games-conjecture/

http://cs.nyu.edu/~khot/papers/UGCSurvey.pdf

from a young Ph.D from M.T field's profile on academia.edu

http://www.statmt.org/wmt08/baseline.html

http://www.statmt.org/wmt08/baseline.html

https://amsterdam.academia.edu/AaronLFHan

while I spent two hours, bidding on a 'Spot' virtual machine to recover my 'gaming' ground last night. I was pinched on disk space and inadvertently deleted directory under /media/, without realizing it is _actually_ the meta-data ( or virtual drive mount points and all dynamic data ) in the 'new' paradigm. Amazon Cloud computing let me 'bid' on a 'spot' machine to mount a snapshot I had back in Oct. 2016. After two hours of data recovery, I promptly deleted the instance that charge $0.067/hr computing resources. AI is SO darn cheap, gentlemen. That is a good thing, yes? Still couldn't fathom why my snapshot was made on a different region east-1a but my existing instance is running in east-1d and AWS wouldn't let me attach data volume across the region, hence the need to bid on a new instance running in the same east-1a region. Another thing is that I had to remember apply network security-rules to the new 'spot' machine in order to ssh into it and then we are IN business. I also took another snapshot ( dead copy of the new instance which had a slightly later kernel version and yum installed groups that I might need for a different project in mind) . Storing snapshot is a LOT cheaper than running the active instance. And DeepLearning is for the grab. 

https://forums.aws.amazon.com/ann.jspa?annID=4221

Andrew Ng has announced of leaving Baidu to start a new venture on his own of AI  research. I didn't know that he is co-founder of coursera.org  ... I thank him for starting that project. I've taken 'Constitutional Law' on coursera...thoroughly enjoyed my class discussions with classmates and lectures by Prof. Amid Reed...

http://www.andrewng.org/publications/

I wonder how they are doing these days, after moving HQ to Wyoming ...

http://www.greenarraychips.com/home/about/bios.html

http://advogato.p2b.tv/article/1006.html

http://advogato.p2b.tv/article/551.html