Dear Ghanshyam Jadhav

Can I add to this?

When an electron makes a transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, the energy difference is converted into a photon with a frequency given by the equation E = hf.

An electromagnetic wave with a particular frequency is produced when a large number of such photons are released, and they collectively form an electromagnetic wave with a particular frequency. The energy of the wave is proportional to the number of photons in the wave, and the frequency of the wave is equal to the frequency of the photons that make up the wave.

As far As I know, the oscillation of point particle to radiation is not a quantum-mechanical description. For example, see Arthur Beiser: Concepts of Modern Physics (6e McGraw Hill), pg 218-220, Chapter 6 Section 6.8. I am attaching a screenshot of It, with all copyrights belonging to author and publisher.

Actually, as electron resides in a particular energy level (it is never at rest in quasi-quantum mechanical sense), its wavefunction has no time dependednt oscillatory part. But during transition, arises an time-varying oscillatory part. An electron with whatever energy at steady state, has a frequency associated with its energy by E=h*\nu . Still why it doesn't oscillate in physical space with that frequency in not explanable classically. How oscillation emits radiation? Local warpage of electric field (and momentary generation of non-radial component of electric field) at the "wake of oscillation" to start with. But how it deals with probabilistically distributed charge with a complex oscillation is not (easily understood or) computed. Anyways, can it be said regardless of 'shape of wavefunction' (i.e. geometry of equal-probability contours), when electron is detected as a particle rotating round a nucleus, does the wavefunction collapsing make the charge distribution of electron a dirac delta function, or it leaves with a dnesity distribution with finite width? I have not got any clear answers. So QM-ically speaking, it has to do with emergence of time-varying terms during transition. But the description of QM operators i.e. linking p^ with d/dx and E^ with d/dt , especially the last one, presupposes E=h*\nu, so it seems more like circular reasoning to me. Perhaps note the assertion- Electron transitioning from one state to other is like a rotating/oscillating dipole (for I think no two electron cloud distribution involves identical dipole moment distribution)

Dear Muhammad Rashid you said,

“An electromagnetic wave with a particular frequency is produced when a large number of such photons are released, and they collectively form an electromagnetic wave with a particular frequency. The energy of the wave is proportional to the number of photons in the wave, and the frequency of the wave is equal to the frequency of the photons that make up the wave.”

But I think,

In an atom if an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower energy level with energy difference hf then a single photon of energy hf is emitted which will be always associated with an electromagnetic wave having frequency f. To form an electromagnetic wave does not require number of photons. Moreover, a wave has frequency and a photon has energy. One should not quote photon has frequency or wavelength.

Other thing is that,

Einstein proposed that electromagnetic wave consists of photons of energy hf to solve the crisis of photoelectric effect. But fact is that when we increase frequency of an electromagnetic wave while keeping its magnitudes of electric field and magnetic field constant, its magnetic force increases. It lifts the electrons from the metal surface in photoelectric effect as the magnetic force is perpendicular to the electric force. For low frequency of the EM wave the subjected electron will oscillate parallel to the metal surface. To lift the electron in upward direction or to push into the metal surface the magnetic force should be high. As magnetic force depends upon asymmetric nature of the electric field which further depends upon short wavelength or high frequency so photoelectric effect happens for high frequency of electromagnetic waves. Thus the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons are found to proportional to the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave.

There are no photons in light or in any electromagnetic waves.

When we increase frequency of an electromagnetic wave while keeping its magnitudes of electric field and magnetic field constant, its magnetic force increases. One can verify experimentally for any electromagnetic wave. It will change the direction of physics.

Dear Ghanshyam Jadhav ,

what is overlooked by most due to in turn being imho not unlikely intentionslly overlooked (namely by nearly all standard books in the field - i’d be interested to learn in which ones this is explicitly and prominently stated this way with respect to the emission of light by electrons in case you know) that light - photons - emitted by the exact and undisputed electron quantum shell jump based rules are emitted with an absolutely exact energy level - that is with hence absolutely precise level as due exact E = h*f relation - so without any notion of a relation to Heisenberg uncertainty relation - as this does not play any role in this kind of emission of light (entry wise)!

Most of the same books tell you in turn however, that photon energy is continuous (in some hypothized relativistic 4D spacetime comtiuum). How can that fit together? I mean, please step back for a moment from what you all believe to know and just think on the following argument:

When a quantum jump of an electron in most simple hydrogen atom takes place, and that energy difference is emitted in the form of a photon (a real one, not that again only hypothized by QED/QCD) virtual ones) the energy of such photon can be precisely measured as a spectral line (or lmaybe ines) in the emission spectrum. And both the actual and the thereof calculated energy is absolutely exact - there is no unsharpness of energy whatsoever!

So how can that be? It’s quantized energy released of course - so from that point of view that’s natural and obvious.

Now - what I am asking back is - how can it be that this fact is not super prominent be stated at the first page of each chapter on all books of quantum mechanical introduction courses and most (I do only know few, so not sure here) high end books on QM is not prominently carved out and clearly stated!?

At the other time (or end) Heisenberg uncertainty principle is stated or referred to a lot to argue on the smoothness and hence continuous energy spectrum to be extracted everywhere else, especially in the field of relativity where the gamma factor does not only need but practically lives from such assumptions (ability to continually bend a “smooth“ manifold such if spacetime would be a piece of soft tissue.

If all emitted energy is discrete - then logically all distortions from such energy have to be also discrete. I am not at all claiming here to understand what I am just trying to show here to make a point, but one thing is clear:

this question is a good one!

And for those who might prematurely think I might just not know what I am talking about (maybe due to my autodidactic education or otherwise) let me help you save time telling you what I wrote is confirmed standard knowledge in physics - I just happend to learn not this from books (where such was just not at all or not prominent enough stated so I did initially not recognize) but from one of the best in the field in some private physics lessons on QM and Relativity - from the “father“ of the Cern CMS (that should do, education wise imho …).

For me, I think it's possible that the role of the electron is simply to carry the energies of the photons, that's all, and it does this "work" 100% efficiently!

The Doppler effect – red shift/blue shift of the frequency of electromagnetic waves – is caused by the velocity of the emitter and the receiver. If the electromagnetic field isn’t a rest frame the Doppler effect is quite mysterious. But with the knowledge that it is a rest frame (CMBR dipole) an emitter with a velocity of 1 m/s in relation to the rest frame creates (in principle) a wave length of 1 m if the emitter “drops” 1 quantum every second. The same “logic” for the receiver. Unfortunately, this doesn’t explain why the electromagnetic wave is emitted.

The Noble prize physics 2022 was awarded for the discovery of non-locality. Non-locality means that everything in the universe influence everything at exactly the same moment. Like e.g. the experiments with entanglement have proved.

There are 2 universal conservation laws. The law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of momentum. Momentum originates from classic physics because it is a combination of an amount of energy and the direction of the energy. However, the conservation of energy is “secured” by the law of conservation of energy thus the law of conservation of momentum is about direction, actually the conservation of the total amount of vectors in the universe. Of course this is 100% correct because energy is the universal electric field and every quantum of energy generates a corresponding vector within the magnetic field (and visa versa). Moreover, vectors act instantaneous because vectors are 1 dimensional (vectors are not bound to the speed of light; experimentally verified).

The consequence is that our universe is pervaded by vectors (sometimes termed “vector space”). The resultant magnitudes of all these vectors together are equal to the whole amount of transferred quanta at every moment. Vectors have a linear range and the “point of equality” of 2 opposite vectors is determined by their distinct magnitudes. That is what we have termed “influence” and it determines the direction of the quanta transfer everywhere in the universe (the resultant vectors in every “point” in space).

So why does an atom emits an electromagnetic wave? That is because it is forced to do that by the non-locality of our universe that keeps the total amount of all the magnitudes of the vectors conserved. Thus the whole universe is constantly "searching" for balance.

The frequency of an electromagnetic wave that is emitted by a particle (e.g. annihilation) has a very short wave length and electrons in the atomic shells have a frequency in relation to the distance in between the electron shell and the nucleus. Thus the frequency has a relation with the geometrical properties within the atom because every quantum of energy has the speed of light. Thus the “drop” of a sequence of quanta is determined by the geometrical size (and velocity) of the emitter. Actually, the wave length represents the duration in between the emission of 2 subsequent photons (Einstein’s term for quanta).

The reason why the emitted energy is transformed into an electromagnetic wave is because the emitter is the result of a local surplus of energy (the nucleus) and a volume around the nucleus that has a deficit of energy because that was transferred to create the nuceus. Thus a deficit of energy in relation to the average energy density in vacuum space. If the atom emits energy it must subtract 1 quantum from the surplus of energy and 1 quantum from the deficit of energy to decrease the energy of the atom "to a lower state". And that is exactly the nature of an electromagnetic wave. Thus the whole atom is involved in the emission and absorption of an electromagnetic wave.

With kind regards, Sydney