Zero tillage and direct seeded rice (DSR) play an important role in conserving water and improving soil health in Eastern India’s rice ecosystems. In traditional rice cultivation, fields are puddled and continuously flooded, which consumes a large amount of water. DSR reduces water usage by 30-40% as it eliminates the need for puddling and transplanting and makes better use of rainwater, which is especially beneficial in water-scarce regions like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha. Zero tillage helps preserve the natural soil structure, prevents soil compaction, and enhances root growth and aeration. It also promotes soil microbial activity and retains organic matter through crop residues, which improves soil fertility and health over time. Additionally, zero tillage with DSR reduces labor, fuel costs, and allows timely sowing, helping farmers escape terminal drought and enabling crop diversification.

Despite its many benefits, it comes with certain limitations that farmers need to manage carefully. One of the main challenges is the increased risk of weed infestation, as the absence of ploughing allows weeds to thrive, often requiring more herbicide use. Additionally, crop residues left on the soil surface can harbor pests and diseases, leading to their build-up over time. Zero tillage also requires specialized equipment like seed drills, which may not be affordable or accessible to small farmers. This method may not be suitable for heavy clay or poorly drained soils, where compaction and waterlogging can occur. In the initial years, farmers might experience fluctuating yields as the soil system adapts. Moreover, successful zero tillage demands proper knowledge of residue management, seed placement, and pest control, without which the system may not be effective. Over-reliance on chemical herbicides and pesticides is another concern, potentially affecting the environment and soil health if not managed sustainably.