Preprint Theory of the Games - A Criminal Research
Much discussion of criminal law is analogous to the Italian cannonball; analytic embellishment adds richness in detail but often conceals crucial structural interrelationships. In this article I attempt to use the techniques of game theory to isolate minimal attributes of problems familiar in criminal law. In the first section I construct a model indicating the impact of the criminal law on the actions of prospective malefactors and, by extension, on the welfare of society as a whole; in subsequent sections I explore the implications of this model for public policy. My hope is to achieve clarity through abstractness.
Place-based initiatives are becoming a prominent approach to solving problems of crime and the delivery of criminal justice services at all levels of government. The focus on place seeks to simultaneously address the interconnected relationship between people and their environments to which multiple social ills are connected. These relationships and connections form real problems in specific places. Place-based initiatives can be more effective in the delivery and leveraging of services when attention is more specifically directed to the particular context in which people live. Specific benefits delivered to a particular area often have diffusion affects to adjacent neighborhoods, compounding their positive effects
I think the exploitation of criminals in the crime prevention and prevention
I am afraid to contribute in off-field discussion. I am learning to anwer this.
Regards,
Jahangir
Respected sir, Artur, excellent article, great work; truly eye opening. Yes crimes have patterns but roots are politicized power structure, so prevention or reinforcement needs some miraculous strategies to be successful. I want to add theft of medicines ,you have mentioned amphetamines and some other drug in your article,as, in our leadership and management course, we have to do assignment on real problem that we have encountered and then we have to present it with theoretical frame work to solve the issue.I was intrigued by theft of medicines in health care, when I started searching the internet; problem is global in nature and sometimes lengthy process of procuring medicines leads to get them in black market on urgent basis, as patient needs them immediately. So, counterfeit drugs and theft of medicines is another important global issue need immediate attention.
Yes, crimes can have patterns. Using what is known as a standard deviation ellipse they were able to narrow down the locaiton of the Somali pirates using GIS (Geographical Information System, see for example, http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/analyze/commonly-used-tools/statistical-analysis.htm) Using this method they were able to catch a serial killer in one of the Scandanavian countries
Crime is predominantly related to the disregard of rights of citizens or institutions worthy of protection, so that on the one hand unlawful acts are committed, on the other hand perpetrators gain advantages through threats or the use of violence, while victims suffer as a result.
Essentially, a just society seeks to reduce criminal activity in the following ways:
1. to provide citizens with adequate protection against violence and crime, in particular vulnerable groups such as children.
2. to punish crime through an independent, equitably working judiciary.
3. take precautions that not only punish but also improve the perpetrators and reduce motivation to commit crimes; this can only be a long-term process of a society that strives for all social groups and classes to create human conditions of existence and apply the principle of justice.
Certain crimes like terrorism happens in a given time. Corruption hinders investigation of crime hence difficult to prevent crimes.
Crime Pattern Theory is a way of explaining why crimes are committed in certain areas. Crime is not random, it is either planned or opportunistic.
A crime happens when the activity space of a victim or target intersects with the activity space of an offender. A person’s activity space consists of locations in everyday life, for example home, work, school, shopping areas, entertainment areas etc. These personal locations are also called nodes. The course or route a person takes to and from these nodes are called personal paths. Personal paths connect with various nodes creating a perimeter. This perimeter is a person’s awareness space. Crime Pattern .
A crime involving an offender and a victim or target can only occur when the activity spaces of both cross paths. Simply put crime will occur if an area provides opportunity for crime and it exists within an offender’s awareness space. Consequently, an area that provides shopping, recreation and restaurants such as a shopping mall has a higher rate of crime. This is largely due to the high number of potential victims and offenders visiting the area and the various targets in the area. It is highly probable that an area like this will have a lot of car theft because of all the traffic in and out of the area. It is also probable that people may fall victim of purse snatching or pick pocketing because victims typically carry cash with them. Therefore, crime pattern theory provides analysts an organized way to explore patterns of behaviour. Criminals come across new opportunities for crime every day. These opportunities arise as they go to and from personal nodes using personal paths. For example, a victim could enter an offender’s awareness space by way of a liquor store parking lot or a new shopping center being built. If the shopping center is being built in an area where crime occurs a couple of miles away, chances are it will exist in some if not all offender’s awareness space. This theory aids law enforcement in figuring out why crime exists in certain areas. It also helps predict where certain crimes may occur.
Interesting to know patterns of crimes that can help in prevention and enforcement.
Plagiarism Alert. Khulood Obaid has simply copied her answers from Wikipedia without citing the source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Pattern_Theory
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