You can to use chitosan to provide amine groups on the surface. After this you can to form covalent bond: amide, imide or schiff base with glutaraldehide like linker. This is just one way there are many others.
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Article Tethering antimicrobial peptides: Current status and potenti...
There are several reactions you can use for conjugation. It ultimately depends on what you have, or could have, on the surface of the nanoparticles. If we are dealing with gold nanoparticles you can use mercaptopropionic acid to locate carboxylic groups on the surface that can later be used to attach the peptide using carbodiimides. For metallic oxides, aptes can be used to locate amino groups on the surface that can be used for peptide conjugation using glutaraldehyde as Johanna says.