Article Multiple Roles of Glycans in Hematological Malignancies

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https://www.jenabioscience.com/images/b3e879b381/Humanizing_glycosylation_pattern_in_eukaryotic_cells.pdf

Article Characterizing glycosylation pathways

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21744

• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/HHS Author Manuscripts

Amended on 2 November 2018

Glycosylation of eucaryotic proteins is surely important issue. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is caused by HCV and HIV-1 infection, and the elevation of fucose-residues in cancer cells is a true marker of the cancer (please see file; Dr. Aoyagi Fucose). Elevated L-fucose level in biotinidase seems to increase the Kip values in cancer tissues (please see file; Anticancer Res).

Therefore, I have searched glyco-chain related enzymes among my protein database (please see file; HepG2 fucoidan). Glyco-chain related enzymes of invaded microbes should also be considered.

Fetal hepatocyte Hc has no glyco-chain related enzymes from host cell's DNA. This cell has also no glyco-chain related enzymes from invaded microbes. This important finding suggests that fetal developing cells has no glycosylated proteins; i.e., alpha-Fetoprotein of fetal baby may not be glycosylated.

This is also an important finding that fetal cells in uterus are completely defenced against invading microbes by mother's defending proteins, but rarely fetal cells are invaded by some virus to cause some morphological diseases; i.e., HAV induces miserable cleft lip/harelip and HAdV induces sad Down syndrome during pregnancy. Thus, edible fucoidan eating during pregnancy is the reliable prevention method against these sad morphological diseases.

Hepatoma HepG2 (cultured without fucoidan) has Bifunctional protein NCOAT/Protein O-GlcNAcase/Meningioma-expressed antigen 5 at 12.4 , and Tankyrase-1/ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like 5 at 1.9 μg/mg of cell protein, respectively. This cell also has Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Newcastle disease virus/NDV) at 1.6, and Neuraminidase (Influenza A virus/FluA) at 0.83 μg/mg of cell protein, respectively. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 16.73 μg/mg of cell protein.

Healed hepatocyte HepG2 (cultured with fucoidan for 3 days) has Alpha-(1,3)-Fucosyltransferase 10 at 1.6, Alpha-2,8-Sialyltransferase 8E at 0.58, Hyaluronan synthase 3 at 1.7, Hyaluronidase-3 at 0.6, Alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase/NAG at 9.1, Sialidase-4 at 0.8, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B11 at 0.55 μg/mg of cell protein, respectively. This cell has no viral glycosidases. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 14.93 μg/mg of cell protein.

Liver tissue (with pseudo-liver cancer) has Alpha-L-Iduronidase at 5.1, Lysosomal alpha-glucosidase/Acid maltase at 4.1, and N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase/G6S at 1.9 μg/mg of tissue protein, respectively. This tissue has no viral glycosidases. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 11.1 μg/mg of tissue protein.

LC tissue (with leprosy) has Beta-Galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1/Alpha-2,6-ST at 2.4, Glycosylceramidase/Acid beta-glucosidase at 0.28 , Lowe's oculocerebrorenal syndrome protein/Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1 at 7.0, and N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulphatase/G6S at 3.2 μg/mg of tissue protein, respectively. This tissue has Neuraminidase (Influenza B virus/FluB) at 3.1 μg/mg of tissue protein. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 12.78 μg/mg of tissue protein.

HCC tissue (with PBC) has Beta-Glucuronidase/Beta-Gl at 3.1, and Uracil-DNA glycosylase 2 at 4.6 μg/mg of tissue protein. This tissue has Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Newcastle disease virus/NDV) at 3.0 μg/mg of tissue protein. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 10.7 μg/mg of tissue protein.

LC tissue (named as No.6) has Arylsulphatase A/ASA at 0.64, Arylsulphatase B/ASB at 3.87, and Lowe's oculocerebrorenal syndrome protein/Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1 at 15.3 μg/mg of tissue protein, respectively. This tissue has Neuraminidase (Influenza A virus/FluA) at 1.7 μg/mg of tissue protein. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 21.51 μg/mg of tissue protein.

HCC tissue (No.6) has Esterase D/S-Formylglutathione hydrolase at 0.11, and Proactivator polypeptide/Prosaposin at 38.5 μg/mg of tissue protein, respectively. This tissue has no viral glycosidases. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 38.61 μg/mg of tissue protein.

Therefore, the increase of L-Fucose amount in HCC tissue has already been occurred during precancerous state/premalignant state. Thus, Fucoidan (sulphated poly-L-fucose) is an anticancer drug, and also a prophylactic/preventive medicine/preventive preparation/prophylactic drug against cancer.

Serum of GSD-1b patient (3y, girl; after 2mo of liver transplantation) has Beta-1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 at 2.7, Beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 6 at 1.5, and Glycosyltransferase 1 domain-containing protein 1 at 2.4 μg/mg of serum protein, respectively. This serum has no viral glycosidases. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 6.6 μg/mg of serum protein.

Serum of 4mo boy (with biotin deficiency, alopecia, and diarrhea) has Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase C at 9.9 μg/mg of serum protein. This serum has Peptide:N-glycanase 1 (Yarrowia lipolytica; Fungus) at 10.7 μg/mg of serum protein. Total glyco-chain related enzymes become to be 20.6 μg/mg of serum protein.

Serum of the same boy as above (7mo1w; alopecia has been cured by biotin therapy but has vitamin K deficiency; with gastrointestinal hemorrhage/gastrointestinal bleeding) has Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1 protein at 2.6, Glycosyltransferase 8 domain-containing protein 3 at 9.4, Sialyltransferase 7B/Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2/GalNAc alpha-2,6- sialyltransferase II/ST6GalNAc II/ST6GalNAcII/SThM at 7.1, and Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 at 10.8, Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 at 1.7 μg/mg of serum protein, respectively. This serum has UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase/UDP-GlcDH (Escherichia coli) at 13.5 μg/mg of serum protein.

Total glyco-chain related enzymes becomes to be 45.1 μg/mg of serum protein. This increased glyco-chain related enzymes may be related to his gastrointestinal hemorrhage/gastrointestinal bleeding.

Serum of 1y4mo girl (alopecia has been cured by biotin therapy; with light hemolysis) has Beta-1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 at 3.0 μg/mg of serum protein. This serum has Alpha-1,2-Mannosyltransferase ALG11 (Yarrowia lipolytica; Fungus) at 10.8, and Neuraminidase (Influenza A virus/FluA) at 9.0 μg/mg of serum protein. Total glyco-chain related enzymes becomes to be 22.8 μg/mg of serum protein.

Serum of 8mo girl (with gastritis) has Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA/Alpha-1,2-Mannosidase IA at 10.0 μg/mg of serum protein. This serum has no microbial glyco-chain related enzymes.

Serum of Gait disorder patient (with biotin deficiency and contraction (narrowing of visual field)) has UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 17/Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like 6 at 1.8 μg/mg of serum protein. This serum has 6-Phospho-beta-glucosidase (Bacillus subtilis) at 3.7, and Bifunctional protein GlmU (Arcobacter butzleri) at 2.3 μg/mg of serum protein, respectively. Total glyco-chain related enzymes becomes to be 7.8 μg/mg of serum protein.

Serum of 52y (mother of the above patient; may have light biotin deficiency) has Hyaluronic acid 3 synthase/Hyaluronan synthase 3 at 4.2 μg/mg of serum protein. This serum has Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A (Haemophilus influenzae) at 5.0, and UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (Rickettsia prowazekii) at 7.9 μg/mg of serum protein, respectively. Total glyco-chain related enzymes becomes to be 17.1 μg/mg of serum protein.

You have to explain your aim of the study or your point of study of the cell glycosylation. However , These new papers are useful and published in 2018.

GOOD LUCK

doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9430-6.

doi: 10.1002/elps.201800238.

For cell glycosylation

Hello

See these links :

https://jvi.asm.org/content/89/17/8932

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453052/

Chapter Glycosylation in Cell Culture

Good Luck

Hi, there is a very large difference between glycosylation and glycation. During a presentation it is necessary to speek about the two pathways.

Aging Dis. 2018 Oct 1;9(5):880-900. doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.1121. eCollection 2018 Oct. Glycation Damage: A Possible Hub for Major Pathophysiological Disorders and Aging.

Sincerely

Christian