Dear Khamkhunmuang,

Good luck for such a very interesting and much needed research. You have wrightly pointed out the goals. I would like to mention that the strategy of CSA should consider the climate, soil and groundwater aspects. The awareness of the same should also be consider. The geospaial techniques would be very benefinial for this kind of research as it consider remotely sensed data, GIS and GPS.

All the best.

"Climate-smart" is a trite buzzword which ought to be considered carefully to ensure that it is applied meaningfully. Some critiquing approaches to such vocabulary are discussed in https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/83375/1/SST4%282%29A3.pdf with deeper contexts covered for:

1. disasters https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0188-3

2. global health https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1938169

No universally acceptable standard exist for "climate-smart agriculture", a notion that has been criticized as a form of greenwashing. That said, approaches that help farmers and foresters increase productivity and incomes in a sustainable way are welcome. Such approaches might focus on ways to reduce farm inputs (e.g., energy, fuels, mineral fertilizers, pesticides) for higher resource-efficiency; cut emissions from livestock production; and keep carbon stored in the soil. To note, making farming systems more diverse can also make them more resilient in the face of climate change: this the FAO's definition does not allude to.

Thatchakorn Khamkhunmuang, As reflected by Olivier Serrat we cannot adopt a "one size fits all" approach in the case of CSA (climate smart agriculture). It is to be highly contextual and location-specific. Already a large volume of literature is available on CSA and CRA (climate resilient agriculture. Couple of studies that I was part of are listed here:

Viswanathan PK, Kavya K, Bahinipati CS (2020). Global Patterns of Climate-resilient Agriculture: A Review of Studies and Imperatives for Empirical Research in India. Review of Development and Change. December 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0972266120966211

Bahinipati, C.S., Kumar, V. & Viswanathan, P.K. (2021), “An evidence-based systematic review on farmers’ adaptation strategies in India”, Food Security, (Scopus- Q1, SJR 0.9) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12571-020-01139-3

Juliet Angom, P.K. Viswanathan & Maneesha V Ramesh (2021): The dynamics of climate change adaptation in India: A review of climate smart agricultural practices among smallholder farmers in Aravalli district, Gujarat, India, Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 3 (2021):1-11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100039

No doubt about it!

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0972266120966211

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs1257

Yes, it may not be the only way, but now you can reorient agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure food security in the context of a changing climate.

Yes...I think so .. definition of agriculture changes time to time...During 1960s, it depicts principles and practices to enhance production only but now several words has been added in the definition like "without endangering ecosystem, maintaining soil fertility, quality, health and ecosystem, improve economic stability of farmers and overall happiness of the society..Now a days climate changes, emissions of green house gases are the main constraints in agricultural production system whereby there is considerable harm to the living beings, edaphic and abiotic environment and health wealth of human beings.. Climate smart agriculture may include many more practice which directly or indirectly ensure food security, nutrition security, mitigation to adverse climate conditions or adaptive mechanism (management) by crop plants to survive or produce under unfavorable environment like drought, thermal stress, water logging, salinity stress, or other..if we change time of crop sowing in accordance with climate and weather difference, we are incorporating CSAs.. Varietal development to exhibit resistance against abiotic stress also a climate smart technology...so it's true, today it is required to sustain production potential of crop without causing harm like GHGs while maintaining sustainable development of the system...

Very interesting question and area for research. Good luck in your endeavour.

In small island developing states (SIDS), we need to somehow be cautious with the widespread adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices. In the pursuit of the latter, farmers may tend to reject certain practices that can cut down yield seriously such as fertiliser application and appropriate pesticide spraying. Or alternatively, without in-depth reflection or expert advice, they may tend to adopt certain organic farming practices that may not be reliable on a long term basis. As a result, food production may decrease, thereby inflicting a negative impact on food security.

There are a lot of advantages associated with the use of organic-based bio fertilisers, but just imagine a country that is often hit by cyclones or flash floods, the whole soil ecosystem (microbial population and activity) can be disturbed, which call upon starting again with sustainable soil fertility management. Yield potential will drastically decrease, compromising food security.

To conclude, prioritisation of CSA practices, in the context of SIDS their soils and agro climates, is crucial.

@P K Viswanathan is relevant "As reflected by @Olivier Serrat we cannot adopt a "one size fits all" approach in the case of CSA (climate-smart agriculture)...

Very interesting question and area for research. However, Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Higher temperatures eventually reduce yields of desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest proliferation. Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-run crop failures and long-run production declines. Our goal is to grow Alberta's economy and enhance Alberta's knowledge workforce through development and application of emerging technology. Climate-smart agriculture has three objectives: sustainably increase agricultural productivity and the incomes of agricultural producers; strengthen the capacities of agricultural communities to adapt to the impacts of climate change; and, where possible, reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions. Helping small-scale farmers to be more productive can lift their families out of poverty and end the cycle of food insecurity that threatens communities and whole nations. It can generate income that families can invest in their children, and it can sow the seeds of economic development. Helping small-scale farmers to be more productive can lift their families out of poverty and end the cycle of food insecurity that threatens communities and whole nations. It can generate income that families can invest in their children, and it can sow the seeds of economic development. CSA differs from 'business-as-usual' approaches by emphasizing the capacity to implement flexible, context-specific solutions, supported by innovative policy and financing actions.

Dear Dr Thatchakorn Khamkhunmuang . See the following useful link: http://www.fao.org/3/ax747e/ax747e.pdf

Juliet Angom

NATIONAL WATER SECURITY | Jamel Chahed | Research Project (researchgate.net)

Dear Readers, The issue of National Water Security concerns drinking water supply but also food safety, linked to agricultural policy. Both rainfed and irrigated agriculture play complementary roles in food security, and the water issue implies a holistic view of water resources. To discuss this issue, I just started a discussion on water security and food security in arid countries:

(5) National Water Security in Water-Scarce Countries (researchgate.net)

News: FAO Director-General QU Dongyu addressed a UN Security Council meeting on conflict and food security, QU Dongyu notes that conflict remains the main driver of global hunger, 19/05/2022. New York – The head of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) today called for greater funding for agriculture to ensure there’s available and accessible food in crisis situations, noting that conflict “remains the single greatest driver of hunger.”...“My message today is more relevant than before: agriculture is one of the keys to lasting peace and security,” FAO Director-General QU Dongyu told a UN Security Council debate in New York entitled “Maintenance of International Peace and Security – Conflict and Food Security.” Read more on: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/un-security-council-meeting-agriculture-key-lasting-peace-and-security-fao-says See more on: https://www.researchgate.net/post/National_Water_Security_in_Water-Scarce_Countries