how to assess urban climate of city master plan before implementation. How urban planners can assess and evaluate the behavior of a proposed master plan for a new city (new development) before implementation to find the vulnerable zones and enhance this zones performance for climate proof cities.
Drawing on well-established knowledge of this topic would help.
Examples of academic books:
1. https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Climate+Adaptation+Governance+in+Cities+and+Regions%3A+Theoretical+Fundamentals+and+Practical+Evidence-p-9781118451717
2. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Climate_Change_and_Cities/n-ZNDwAAQBAJ?
3. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Geography_of_Climate_Change_Adaptati/hM6FDwAAQBAJ
4. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Urban_Adaptation_to_Climate_Change/B7KrDwAAQBAJ
5. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Climate_Change_in_Cities/R5s3DwAAQBAJ
6. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Planning_for_Climate_Change/26xvDwAAQBAJ
Examples of policy and practice reports:
7. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/knowledge/tools/urban-ast/step-3-1
8. https://www.ecologic.eu/17229
9. http://www.kri.sk/gb/publikacie/katalogbskpub/
10. https://iklimeuyum.org/en/activities/adaptation-for-cities/
11. http://www.future-cities.eu/project/adaptation-compass/
And many more out there!
Plus, as always, some wider critiques:
1. http://www.urbanislandstudies.org/UIS-2-Grydehoj-Kelman-Island-Smart-Eco-Cities.pdf
2. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12300
3. http://www.ilankelman.org/articles1/kelman2008udp.pdf
4. http://www.az.itu.edu.tr/azvol11no1web/05-WeichselgartnerKelman-1101.pdf
Urban planners and environmental engineers assess the risk and vulnerabilities of climate change and its impacts. At present, heat waves and urban heat island are of serious concern and is essential to assess the periodical impacts, frequencies of heat waves and average urban heat island intensity of the city based on various parameters
(1) Average air temperature,
(2) Average air temperature at midnight,
(3)Average number of heat wave days according to any heat wave classification scheme
(4) Cooling degree-hours: number of hours above a threshold air temperature as an indication for the cooling energy demand.
The behavior of the proposed master plan can be assessed using Urban climate modelling methods and green cover assessment to reduce the microclimate changes within the city.
Dear Manar Talal,
Please check the following article:
(This article examines the integration of climate change issues into national, sectoral, and city development plans with a particular focus on Dhaka, Bangladesh using a framework developed based on the United Nations Development Program’s (UNDP) climate change mainstreaming guidelines for national development processes)
https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020024
Roofs for new houses will be white with reflective surfaces.
In our old city most of the roofs and pavements are dark, absorbing the heat and literally "melting" in the heat of the summer. The city is a "heat island' compared to the surroundings.
I think that predictive statistics method would help to understand climate behavior. Many climate/weather data is needed to enable accurate prediction. Maybe from the last 10 years or more.
Hello!
I would suggest that you have a look on urban sutainability framwork (USF) tool which been designed by the world bank. This tool can help the city toward climate change adaption. Also it has its own indocators what helps you when measuring in cit.
Best regards
Since we are talking about climate adaptation, it is probably more location-dependent than anything else. There are some great resources listed by others, so I will talk about an oversimplified process to give a first glance. With adaptation, what we do is essentially a (climate) risk assessment. We collect, categorize, simulate risk scenarios and design preventive, impact mitigating, and in worst case scenario, compensatory measures depending on what we have the resources to do. A climate risk strategy should be structured around specific risks characteristic for that region under the planned climate scenario. If you work in the EU, the new taxonomy regulations delegated act annex A gives a good overview of the kind of climate hazards you need to consider:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:d84ec73c-c773-11eb-a925-01aa75ed71a1.0021.02/DOC_2&format=PDF
In my city, drought, flash floods, and heatwaves are the most prevalent hazards. Next, for the ones that are prioritized highly, it is essential to create a regime to assess, model, and monitor drivers, states, and impacts of the hazard (even for the less prevalent ones, some strategy to at least audit regularly is necessary). The more impactful and/or likely a hazard, the more accurate and detailed models are justified. In my city, for a new development, my firm makes simulations in Envi-met on microclimate, to guide designers on how to avoid or adjust for heatwaves. It is important to consider scales, the interactions among the risk scenarios (e.g. droughts and wildfires), and the uneven distribution of impacts (spatially, in time, and across social groups).
Next, when the risks and risk-bearers are mapped out, we have two ways to deal with them: direct and indirect. Direct interventions are usually public-led projects (e.g. building a dike) that does one of the following, in that order of importance: eliminating the root cause of risk (which is strictly speaking, not adaptation, but mitigation), preventing the hazard, mitigating the impact of the hazard, compensating for the impact of the hazard. Indirect interventions means influencing other actors who have a role in adaptation, like private developers. We either: evaluate the intervention and assess it on its own merits, prescribe and enforce presctiptive standards (specific interventions they should do in a specific way), prescribe and enforce performance standards (they do whatever they like, as long as they perform in a certain way). We tend to lean on the first for large, impactful, unique projects, the second if the interventions are standardizable, the third in all other cases. We wrap up by finding an optimal mix of interventions, based on feasibility, urgency, social considerations, and assign responsibilities and an organizational model to carry them out. Of course this is an oversimplification, and I did not talk about crucial items, like public engagement, partnerships, learning from others, but the general approach is something like this.
Kumar, P., Geneletti, D., & Nagendra, H. (2016). Spatial assessment of climate change vulnerability at city scale: A study in Bangalore, India. Land Use Policy, 58, 514–532.
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Engineering
- Modeling