In many developing countries the clientelism politics is increasing, while many developed countries have it in small amounts. However, it is still possible to talk about corporative - conservative - clientelistic welfare state model in Southern Europe (as M.Ferrera pointed out), and post-communist bismarckian - corporative - clientelistic welfare model in Central and Eastern Europe. But even in CEE countries there are certain differences considering clientelism, for, example, comparing Estonia and Lithuania.

The Balkan states represent an interesting case of clientelism - captured states. Cumulative share parliamentary seats won by the dominant political parties from the first democratic elections of 1990 to date compared to other transition countries and EU member states it is the largest in this Region. Accordingly, the share of expenditures for the executive and the legislature relative to GDP is also high. These factors indicate the importance of budgetary resources in the genesis of the system party patronage. In contrast, comparative analysis shows that the mechanisms privately-corporate capturing states are not as pronounced as in some other transition countries, but they are present. Indeed, it is a significant threat to democracy.

The nature of the patron-client exchange is a very complex phenomenon in contemporary societies. There is a fairly general agreement that clientelism is one a fairly major characteristics of underdevelopment, so it has a negative impact on democracy.

For my opinion, Clientelism politics is growing now so far. It is because many organisations, they will attract more people that they easily can work, discussion together to get a pure solution

Clientelism politics is increasing both in the developing and developed world. It is also increasing in democratic system and in the absence of the democratic system. Due to the popularity of populism, clientelism also works in the established democracy. However, the current nature, form, chain and network are different than the previously experienced.

Hi Dr Wazir Ali . Clientelism politics in world Increasing because most politics depend on personal interests especially economical interests . The object of most politicians is to collect money as possible and this done easier by Clientelism politics.

How free fair and transparent politics is possible? kindly suggest any points sir. Aref Wazwaz Kazi Mohammad Mahbobor Rahman Muhammad Fauzan Adli Mohd Fazli Mohammed Torki Bani Salameh Faruk Hadžić Arvydas Guogis

Professor Aref Wazwaz Panagiotis G. Krimpas Kazi Mohammad Mahbobor Rahman Muhammad Fauzan Adli Mohd Fazli Mohammed Torki Bani Salameh Sir what do you suggest how this political regime can be controlled or what can be future of democracy under the shadow of vote buying?

Dear Dr Wazir Ali . If there is not enough awareness and an honest and sincere conscience, things will not go well.

In my opinion it is increasing.

Clientelism or client politics is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo. Clientelism involves an asymmetric relationship between groups of political actors described as patrons, brokers, and clients.

https://search.proquest.com/openview/146d6a3ddc4ccb2fb2561fd661bbfc65/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

Thank you so much Professor Faraed Salman Vadim S. Gorshkov

You are most welcome dear

Dr Wazir Ali . Wish you the best always.

Roberto - Minadeo Md. Abu Saleh Nizam Uddin Michael T Takac

Please sir share your views.

Dear Wazir Ali ,

I’m familiar with the US form of governance and its evolution thereof. In the beginning, the model of the US Constitution followed Montesquieu’s philosophy supporting Thomas Jefferson’s philosophy of “unalienable Rights” via the Bill of Rights. The US Federal government was a republic based on the rule of law to support and protect its Citizens’ unalienable rights from the crimes of others and from the crimes of government, both foreign and domestic; no more, no less. The State governments did all the rest via the Tenth Amendment.

Relative to voting, the US Citizen only elects a local representative to the House of Representatives in the US Congress. A State government appointed only two representatives to the Senate in the US Congress. The Congress makes law, the president enforces the law. The US president is selected only by the Electoral College. Relative to the voting populous, under this configuration “Political Clientelism” does not apply or is minimized to the election of the local representative.

However, over the last hundred years our form of governance slowly evolved from the US Constitution to a progressive “living constitution” in the direction of a democracy and it continues today. A democracy, in part, is influence by Political Clientelism. In addition, the nature flow of a democracy evolves towards an oligarch via the “Iron Law of Oligarchy” in a tyrannical direction. Historically, oligarchy seems to be the natural state of government. Also, the Iron Law of Oligarchy supports the Constructal paradigm where governance flows towards the currents in the power to rule. There’s a subtle difference between the power to rule relative to the rule of law.

Constructal paradigm:

https://constructal.wordpress.com/

The Constructal paradigm relative to social systems:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356475384_THE_SCIENCE_OF_RIGHTS

A simple overview of Americanism:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIl57cchRqs

Dear Michael T Takac

Thank you so much for participating in this discussion. Sir can you explain how clientelism is affecting US politics and citizens?

Corruption is commonly defined as "dishonest and fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery", while political clientelism is seen as "the distribution of benefits targeted to individuals or groups in exchange for electoral support".

https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki

Clientelism - Wikipedia

Increasing.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/clientelism,kindly follow this link.

https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PanelDetails/6852,u can follow this link.

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/clientelism.pdf,u can follow this link.

https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-031,moreover this link.

https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Political-Parties-Clientelism-and-Bureaucratic-Reform.pdf,this link may be useful.

https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacr426.pdf,u can follow this link.

Dear Faraed Salman Jose Risomar Sousa thank you so much for participating in this discussion.

Nidhal Kamel Taha El-Omari Gianluigi Segalerba

Dear Wazir Ali ,

“Sir can you explain how clientelism is affecting US politics and citizens?”

It seems clientelism has little affect in the US. The ideology between our two Parties have diverge to a point where the voters ether support Socialism or Americanism convoluted with political biases in the press and in our government-controlled educational institutions. Political funding of candidates by wealthy entities both domestic and foreign is an issue. In addition, the “deep state” and the “Administration Branch” of nonelected officials writing regulations that have the same weight and penalty as law, is also an issue distorting the elector’s decision.

Michael T Takac

Thank you so much for explaining my question.

In the context of the post-Soviet space, the politics of clientism is increasing. This is primarily due to the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as to the strong positions of informal political institutions and practices (corruption, nepotism, oligarchism). The crisis of liberal democracy, which is observed in the world, is also making itself felt.