Some thoughts about part of your question. In my experience, dung pellets often do contain a lot of pollen, but mainly airborne pollen. So I think in these cases the pollen has not been ingested, but inhaled, trapped in mucus and swallowed then passed through the animal's gut. But you are finding entomophilous pollen and anthers, and no pine pollen, so it looks like the animal was directly ingesting the flowers. Any idea what kind of animal produced these pellets?

Thanks for your answer!  Only animal remains I found so far are gastropod shells and few small bone fragments - so far unidentified. No insect remains so far.

I am not familiar with pollen and therefore I cannot contribute to your question 

Tim Mighall might have an idea - he worked on pollen and spores in reservoir deposits I think.  Add that there are no signs of fungal spores associated with the dung.

I'm not familiar with the situation in Galilaea, but I supose you understand german, so find the following publications concerning dung pile in the Alps and sheep/goat pellets in a roman cistern in Switzerland. A paper about a cistern of the middle Bronze Age has been submitted tow weeks ago. Later on Ican send you the reprint.

Dear all;

thanks for your answers.

Dear Ruth Drescher-Schneider,

thanks for the useful references. Klee et al. 2007: Do you have the complete publication & can send it to me? P. 131-157 is missing...

Thanks & cheers,

FN

Das ist der ganze Artikel zu diesem Thema von Klee et al. Die Seiten 131-157 betreffen einen Artikel zu einem anderen Thema und von anderen Autoren.

LG RD

Dear Frank, I studied the zoogenic deposits in the Negev. See my articles. Maybe something will help you. What is the size of thepellets? Could bats live there?

Dear Anna,

thanks for your papers. Bats will certainly live there, but the dung pellets are rather minute (100-200 microns) and only contain pollen. Of course the pellets might have been much larger and only broken up due to processing the sediments. They might have been produced by small insects (weevils etc) or pollen feeding mites. In some samples on one slide a dozen pellets appear. I actually need photos for comparison...

Cheers,

Frank

Hi Frank,

I know nothing about the site but I have reason to suspect you are dealing with herbivorous rodents. Some rats have middens like woodrats. Finding dung spores from these would be unlikely since these pellets would have been deposited in a dry and concealed environments. I hope this helps