I think, achieving the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) will be one of the important topics in water and wastewater until 2015. Cost effective methods suggested by Dr Nitin Ingole will be appropriate for that purposes and many researchers are conducting research on several treatment, planning and management methods. Moreover, in the wastewater sectors, we found that the MDGs sanitation indicator does not necessarily consisitent with pollutant discharge per capita (PDC) from minicipal wastewater (e.g. Tsuzuki and Thammarat, 2010, Journal of Water Environment and Technology), which means that more improvement will be necessary even in the countries with large MDGs sanitation indicator.
First you decide your area of interest on which you can work enthusiastically. Afterwords you dont feel any confusion in selecting your topic of research
How to use sea water for generating energy. One example - Run a wheel at sea shore using water mass which should be maintained greater in the buckets going down by shifting some water from the buckets going up thus creating an unbalance of mass and rotating the wheel.
In my field of interest , sludge disintegration to achive more biogas and efficient process from anaerobic sludge digestion is recent . for example disintegration by ultrasound waves
You need to specify first what type of water and what characteristics /pollutants to remove. the processes will largely depend on the use of the final effluent. There are many technologies varies with cost /area required and effectiveness. Metcalf and Eddie is a good reference.
Water analysis is a primary thing; it has a wide scope related to not only chemistry but also interdisciplinary of various section. For example public health chemistry related to both civil engineering and public health department and community medicine. Environmental science, engineering, microbiological quality of water. Water for irrigation management, water and commerce and business, history .... the list is going on