Qualitative studies are generally small-scale studies focusing on an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, many researchers (particularly, those from the positivist paradigm) question the generalizability of findings from qualitative studies. Guidance, in this regard, is requested.
From a statistical point of view, there is no way to generalize from small samples, let alone small non-random samples. This is a matter of arithmetic, not positivism.
As an alternative, Lincoln and Guba (1985) proposed the concept of transferability, i.e., the extent to which the findings from one setting or group of participants might apply elsewhere. This is mostly a matter of making a convincing case, rather than applying formulas.
From a statistical point of view- no, because the power of inferential statistics is in one way or the other dependent on the sample size and a small sample size that are generally used in qualitative studies are not sufficient to make statistical generalisations.
However, there are other types of generalisations that can be made using qualitative studies according to one highly cited paper:
Article Generalizability in qualitative research: misunderstandings,...
1. Naturalistic generalisation- When the study resonates with the reader's own experiences.
2. Inferential generalisation- When an individual feels that a study that he/she is reading about their own type of group, can be applied to their own settings. Example- members from organisations working for the intellectually challenged may read my qualitative paper on improving employability skills for the intellectually challenged and may decide to apply some of those methods in their real life.Article Working with adults with intellectual challenges to enhance ...
3. Analytic generalisation- When a concept or a theory is generalisable based on the results.
4. Intersection generalisability- Generalisability that occurs while examining the historical oppression faced by certain sections of society.
Thus, although statistical generalisation from qualitative studies is not possible, one cannot state that no generalisation from qualitative studies are possible.
In qualitative studies, the focus is on gaining an in-depth understanding and exploring the complexity of the phenomenon under investigation. Its findings are not typically intended to be generalized to the entire population in the same way as quantitative studies. All you have to do is ensure credibility and transferability by employing rigorous research methods such as purposive sampling, detailed data collection techniques, and systematic analysis.
And when interpreting findings, it is important to consider the specific research context, the characteristics of the participants, and the level of detail provided. This will help determine the extent to which the findings can be applied or transferred to other situations, but not exactly in a statistical sense.
People basically question this due to the difference in paradigm and orientation. The soundness of a given method should not be determined based on satisfying those in a certain category. You don’t have to always generalize, and that is where you mostly need qualitative studies. Generalization doesn’t sit well with case studies, ethnographic research, phenomenological research, grounded theory, etc.
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