Trade war sometimes is good to find out the real stories behind that. Especially for USA and others western powers.

For many powers, trade policy is linked to protecting and promoting national interests. For others, it's about a free trade bloc protected from US economic power. For the UK it seems to be about the idiocy of believing the EU is protectionist (it is, but for very good reasons), and being suckered in to believing the US values free trade (it does not).

Whatever trade patterns you have, your economy shapes itself to those patterns. Change trade policy, there's winners and losers. It's a political decision what you sacrifice or promote. At the moment we have Trump playing silly games, which shows you just how random and fragile the whole thing is. Trade agreements and wars should be approached carefully and with trepidation, like the international agreements they are.

Christopher NOCK

Yes, i am agree with the opinion of Mr. Christopher Nock which actually USA do not believe on free trade values but for their own interest. Tq

Since the bilateral trade relationship or alliance among various countries are based on interest and personal gains, it might not lead to global economic crisis. Each nation will as much as possible will avoid situations that could lead to that. it is a matter of bargaining, compromise and arriving at a level of equilibrium.

The current trade wars inflicted by the US Trump administration can and will lead to a global downcurl of the economies worldwide if not resolved in short time.

Currently the US is imposing 25 % counterveilling duties to Chinese goods.

There is a real threat and it is happening already.

The IMF and many other institutions are correcting their economic forecasts down... A global recession is looming. And of course, Dariusz you know that...

I agree with Remali Yusoff: I see the tariff war as an opportunity for the US and China to expand their trade ties. The other countries need to be proactive in order to avoid losses.

The economic crises will improve compition and development of the entire world industry.

Yes , if the two countries continue

I think that what is happening is just a intensification of what had happened since long. Those who preach free trade loudest, usually means it least. What President Trump now means is to make USA great again, which means to protect its industry against the comparative advantages e.g. China has. This never will work out as in the same instance also US industries are negatively affected.

More facts and data on the issue, see

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48196495

Brexit and this trade war US-China are currently the biggest threads to the world economy says IMF, see

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/imf-brexit-trump-trade-war-china-world-economic-outlook

Despite the existence of institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Group of Twenty major economies, the world has not come up with an integrated formula to prevent economic crises such as we saw a decade ago. In addition, the decline in international relations over the past two years, and the policies pursued by the administration of US President Donald Trump in this regard means that any progress has been lost. The difference between our world today and the world situation in 2009-2010 is that relations between the major powers are more tense and more complex. States no longer believe that collective action is the best for all.

Any types of war lead to uncertainty which in turn lead to crisis of confidence among warring parties.

To me waging trade wars reflects kiddish and juvenile behavior. There is a lot of postering. Instead a face-to-face talk and discussion that results in constructive debate and slutions is the way to go. Compromise, not confrontation is the way to avoid crises.

Of course, you used suitable terms in your question, all kind of wars=crisis

No. Simultaneously regional pacts are being explored, signed and many countries have preferred to engage in bilateral trade/business matter in a more meaningful manner. Of course current practices by a very few gig economy can impact large volume in trade and it spillover effect in some way on others.

Following!

Europe already showed signs of cooling economy before the US-China tariff war. A small European crisis could mean falling commodity prices, affecting developing countries - which also presented their problems. Thus it is difficult to attribute an entire global crisis to this tariff conflict.

We are on the verge of the crisis, and if we can not find solutions, it will surely encompass all of us.

The general answer is “No” but that is dependent upon the definition of a “global crisis”. Essentially there is no such phenomena because global change falls differentially on different national, and groups and classes within nations. . Then, as one commentator said global trade is now significantly governed by Bilateral Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties to which I would had that 75 percent or more of international trade is controlled directly or indirectly by multinational corporations.

Much of this becomes obvious if the conventional international trade theory is approached critically to reveal:-

- trade is the mechanism to transfer wealth between nations

- the benefits of trade accrue disproportionally to higher income groups

- the aggregate welfare argument ignores class, and ethnic , religious and occupational groups within nations.

- current trading patterns are one of the important factors in the global degradation of environments.

Further

- for slides on trade see “The Ricardian Myth” and “Trade as Power” at

https://www.slideshare.net/harrod/global-political-economy-how-the-world-words?qid=9e874d6e-cb11-4a63-ad31-db96a2376277&v=&b=&from_search=1

or as part of an online course (free)::

http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html

No problem our friends. This is include under the phenomenon of the cause or factors for the business-cycle in our economy as a whole during times. Tq

It is already at that stage where price level is rising in America but people pay attention to gas prices which hover around $2.50 but stock market declines are continuous .

"Global economic crisis"?

It's been there for a long time and not just for commercial reasons.

Therefore ...

Whoever argues against a possible global economic crisis: never forget that with the US and China the two biggest world economies are having a trade war and that has global economic consequences...

It has been pointed out that about 75 percent or more of global trade is conducted in Preferential trade agreements. That is true.

But does not apply to the US-China trade because neither the US nor China Nor the EU have preferential Trade agreements with each other...

It is also true that new trade agreements are being forged and signed and put into force such as the CPTPP (without the US) and the EU-JP FTA (an alliance between two top trading areas, soon without the UK due to Brexit, Boris)...

Let us all be thankful and happy that there are new trade deals; without them US-President Trump and its autarchie policy would be even more devastating for the global economic performance...

Here I am sharing an interview on the possible global crisis, see

https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/evolutionsbiologe-jared-diamond-zum-ersten-mal-gibt-es-die-moeglichkeit-eines-weltweiten-kollapses/24351438.html?utm_source=pocket-newtab

Currently the trade war escalates because now China for the first time strikes with the rare earth export ban...

In the past few days, I have lost over sixty thousand dollars in my 401k so very soon we might go into eating once a day. Sp500 has lost all entire earnings in a yea plus that of last year losses. Brokenness is coming quick

I hope that trade activities that do not involve the USA will be strengthened through the present trade conflicts. Of course trade that involves the USA is very much and in case the conflict further deteriorates global growth will be effected..... Countries affected could try to strengthen internal demand satisfied by internal production, but this is not so easily achieved in the short term....

Dear all,

currently the US presidential election capaign for 2020 starts.

It will be interesting to see, if Donald Trump can again mobilize the white poor voters for his side - did he do any good for them? Or enough good?

Did he create with his bold and anti-establishment approach enough new jobs for them?

Or did he cause a lot of disruption which was mostly hot air but did not deliver the promises he made?

The US voters will have to answer these questions in the next year or so...

Possibly the US threats to global trade end after the election...

The outcome will be awaited by many onlookers with great interest...

It depends how far the leading economic powers will go. And not only the leading states.

Very interesting conversations and prognosticators

I am not sure if anyone else has had this problem but my original answer does not seem to be listed anymore in “all replies” despite two recommendations so I will submit it again with some additions and subtractions: -

The general answer is “No” but that is dependent upon the definition of a “global crisis”. Essentially there is no such phenomena because global change falls differentially on different national, and groups and classes within nations. . Then, as one commentator said global trade is now significantly governed by Bilateral Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties to which I would add that 75 percent or more of international trade is controlled directly or indirectly by multinational corporations.

Much of this becomes obvious if the conventional international trade theory is approached critically to reveal: -

- trade is the mechanism to transfer wealth between nations

- the benefits of trade accrue disproportionally to higher income groups

- the aggregate welfare argument ignores class, and ethnic, religious and occupational groups within nations.

- current trading patterns are one of the important factors in the global degradation of environments.

Global power as represented by multinationals and states whose governments are biased to higher income groups thus promotes trade as essential, a solution or a necessity. It is none of these. In 2017 exports of goods in the global economy represented only about 21 percent of global GDP. Much of this figure arises because trade statistics are presented in value terms which creates many distortions - think of about $6 per kilo for battery grade lithium and about $1 per kilo for bananas. The statistics as a percent of GDP therefore tell us very little about the importance of trade in goods to an economy, society or people. Many of the larger economies, including Brazil, are not trade dependent.

See Further

- for slides on trade “The Ricardian Myth” and “Trade as Power” at

http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html

Apparently, currently (end of August 2019), according to most analysts conducting macroeconomic analyzes, the importance of transnational trade wars conducted, the barriers imposed on the import of selected product ranges as a crisis factor has significantly decreased. Therefore, the risk of a serious economic crisis in the coming months and quarters that would result from these trade wars is also decreasing.

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

Please reply

I invite you to discussion

Most probably

Following the answers

Tatting, repositioning, preparing for presidential elections! C Ionescu

not necessarily

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade

Protetectionism is deepening the global economic crisis,

according to the study of economic history (last 200 years).

http://www.truefreetrade.org/pftindex.htm

https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/George/grgPFT.html

Dear Colleagues and Friends from RG, Currently conducted trade wars arise as part of the imposition of additional customs barriers, embargoes on selected imported products, etc., restricting trade to protect domestic production, the national labor market, national brands of companies, etc. From the point of view of the fundamental principles of classical economics, limiting trade by increasing protectionism reduces the scale activities of competition, opportunities for the development of comparative advantage, etc., and as a consequence the reduction of the pace of economic development in most countries, including above all those that introduce protectionism based on the intentional limitation of international trade. In the past, there have been occasions that due to the increasing scale of protectionist restrictions on international trade, the level of economic growth has fallen significantly and, consequently, also in a country that has increased the scope of this type of protectionism. In this situation, the balance between international trade liberalism and controlled, moderate protectionism was broken.

In connection with the above, I am asking you the following questions:

- How can this balance be identified if the protectionist scale of international trade is too large?

- Can the process of increasing protectionism limiting the level of international trade get out of control and lead to a strong slump in economic growth?

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply

I invite you to discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

thats a fabulous and 👍 great discussion dear Dariusz Prokopowicz I am not a expert on this field but folllwing....

In the short-run it could be, but in the long-run the opposite can be right.

Dear Colleagues and Friends from RG,

A lot of economic data and the situation on financial markets indicate that coronavirus may be the main driver of the global economic slowdown in 2020. A significant drop in economic growth is forecast in many countries in 2020 due to an increase in human coronavirus infection. According to many health care centers and institutions, an effective, tested coronavirus vaccine may not appear until mid-2020 or later. Until then, the number of coronavirus infections may increase significantly. In China, many companies have stopped production due to an increase in coronavirus infection. In many countries, tourist traffic is already falling, the number of tourists is rapidly decreasing. Countries in which international tourism constitutes a significant share of Gross Domestic Product are particularly vulnerable to the decline in economic growth. A significant decline in international trade is also forecast in countries where many cases of human coronavirus infection have been diagnosed. In recent days (end of February 2020) there have been major drops in the valuation of securities on stock exchanges, which is also a signal confirming the forecasted next wave of decline in economic growth in 2020. Until recently, in 2019, the so-called trade wars conducted between the largest economies of the world, i.e. between the USA, China and the European Union. However, this factor is apparently already becoming less relevant to the global growing problem associated with the continuing (end of February 2020) increase in human coronavirus infection. Therefore, in 2010, coronavirus will be the most important factor slowing down economic growth.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following questions:

- Will coronavirus be the main source of economic slowdown in 2020?

- To what extent can the level of economic growth of the global economy drop in 2020 due to the development of coronavirus infections?

- Will coronavirus become a more important factor in economic slowdown in 2020 than the so-called trade wars?

- Are countries forecast to decline in economic growth in 2020 due to an increase in coronavirus infection?

- What do you think about this topic?

- What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply.

I invite you to discussion and scientific cooperation.

Thank you very much.

Best wishes.

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The effects of coronavirus have been and will continue to be far worse than those of any trade war.

In 2019, in some countries and globally, international trade wars were the main factor that generated the global slowdown in economic growth. However, since the beginning of 2020, the importance of trade wars has been rapidly decreasing and giving way to a new factor of global slowdown in economic growth, which is the development of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (causing Covid-19 disease) pandemic. So in 2020, it is no longer trade wars that will be the main factor in the decline in international trade, international capital flows and other factors of production, international economic cooperation. In 2020, the main factor behind the decline in international trade, international capital flows and other production factors, international economic cooperation, etc. will be the development of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic causing Covid-19. However, if the pandemic ends in a few weeks and in the following years there will be no return of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic on such a large scale as in the first half of 2020, will trade wars again become a major factor limiting the growth rate of the global economy in 2021?

What do you think about this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you to discussion and scientific cooperation,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

To encourage discussion of the economic impact generated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the control measures taken at the international level, we invite you to read the following article.

Economy or Health, Constant Dilemma in Times of Pandemic: The Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2020. DOI: 10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.07

Article Economy or Health, Constant Dilemma in Times of Pandemic: Th...

I look at the current situation slight differently. As things are yet to settle down, and efforts are underway to find medical solution for Covid-19, for next few quarters or even for couple of years trade war may not find the importance till 2021 end. Every nation is busy to guide through the crisis, announcing and implementing measures to prop up demand, restrict the possibility of Recession (wherever applicable), restore to business activities, however, these all will take at least next 12-15 months - hence, trade war can not be & will not be the main agenda now.

Very likely but not soon because major powers have options. Though in the long run their options become limited.

It is more about the clash of titans. No country would like to loose the power and privilege it used to enjoy for decades. Therefore it will use all the weapons it commands to act as a barrier for others to join its league. Historically the countries that control the economy enjoy the power and supremacy. Fighting an economic war is more strategic and powerful than fighting a physical battle. Therefore, there is bound to happen a lot of frictions until one accepts the position in the economic hierarchy.

the economic trade will happen when one country find the internationally approved medicine for coved 19 disease and starts manufacturing it.

The COVID-19 First World Pandemic is having a revolutionary impact on the industrialized sector and carries potential to radically change our value system.

Do You know any war without a crisis? Please, mention some, if possible.

Nancy Ann Watanabe world is not busy in fighting against Covid 19 but all powerful countries are fighting against humanity. I personally feel hunger is major problem of entire world neither covid 19 nor nuclear weapons. all major super power states must sit around a table and fight against poverty not against each other.

Economic crisis depends upon the percentage of what the war could cause.

Yes! It could lead to diminishing cooperation as it's seen now but may not deteriorate to the level of economic crisis.

We have to be mindful that covid- 19 has already caused a breakdown on economies round the globe and so trade wars need to be differentiated from that caused by this pandemic.

Trade wars comparable to covid- 19 is/could be better managed to avoid much crises. Whereas, the pandemic has wreaked much havoc.

So for me, trade wars may not be that serious as what's on the ground now...covid- 19.

In any war the superior wins. Also it is survival of the fittest in this race.

One word...YES! ... sadly :-(

The crisis is between USA and China. Most of the countries will observe from safe corner. None will be involved directly.

The eventual crisis to be caused by a US-China trade war was overshadowed by the real crisis caused by the pandemic.

📷

Non of them USA and China will like to involve in a trad war with each other. The current amount of exchange is great no one like to stop trad with each other.

in a global economy a trade war can become very damaging to the consumers and businesses of both nations, and the contagion can grow to affect many aspects of the both economies ... instead, the war has detrimental effects on the trading relationship between two countries in that its goal are related specifically to trade.

Every war is dangerous, and trade wars are dangerous because they put pressure on prices. If we think about reducing of inequalities globally, there have not to be space for trade wars.

Roberto. It´s very good question. The answer on it is simple but to make the right conclusions is more difficult. On some meetings with top managers of different companies I gave them explanation what are leading laws for this crisis but nobody was able to tell me what conclusions are. They were afraid or they don’t see it, I don’t know.

Because I worked for 17 years in the top governmental medical research, I am marketer also, I am able to give myself correct questions and to find suitable answers. And when this crisis started Chinese consulted with me each weak what to do. Please, did anybody make a list of regulations, and supports? Did anybody give a closer look, if even theoretically, they are worth anything to solve this problem? Fortunately, somebody asks for what reasons is this crisis orchestrated but still the answers are professional guessing and there is able to count the correct answers when analysis by my questions above is done.

Currently, in many countries, the main direct and indirect source of the economic crisis is the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic. When the pandemic ends, then perhaps again, just like in 2019, one of the main factors of the slowdown in economic growth will remain the so-called trade wars between the world's largest economies.

What do you think about it?

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Though the war has not even really started yet in a formal way, we have felt the impact

with Covid 19 pandemic the probability is decreasing....countries struggle to come back to pre-covid 19 positions, free trade is one of the tools to recover for the time being.

The whole orchestrated and fabricated “corona crises” is a form of industrial war. Perhaps I´ll receive permit to make public the results of a global economic analysis.

Yes, the current major factor generating economic crises in individual countries is the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. When the pandemic expires, it may be so Trade wars between the largest economies will be (as in the period 2018-2019) one of the important sources of economic slowdown. But if the Coronavirus pandemic causes serious, long-term economic problems in some countries, the realities of international trade cooperation may change from 2021. cross-border flows of production factors, etc.

What do you think about it?

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

It’s a simple question with accessible results. Actually, there are more questions as one is. Did anybody made counting of costs for healing of the real patients with comparison to damage caused to the whole economy? Why are people mislead in understanding what’s going on? How effective taken measures are in reality? What’s correlation of pretest to the real infection? Covid is one from plenty amount of the flu viruses. It has some different properties, such as higher virality but lower mortality.

Dear Peter Stuchlik,

Yes, I agree with your view on various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. There are many questions that we don't know the answer to. We do not know when an effective therapy for the treatment of Covid-19 disease will be developed, when a vaccine will be developed, whether the second wave of the Coronavirus pandemic has already started (mid-September 2020), what type of mutant Coronavirus causes the current increases in infections, whether the incidence of Covid-19 will increase in winter season due to the greater incidence of diseases and other diseases defined as coexisting, etc. There are still many unanswered questions in the issue of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic.

What do you think about it?

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dariusz. The situation is fogged more as you think. Our world is full of misleading information. Reproduction cycle of viruses is in the days. With any new generation there is certain mutation, it is evolution process. When producers create new vaccine, they take prediction mathematical models how this strain will probably look in 6-month future because it is a time necessary for production and distribution of vaccine. From immunology is known that vaccines against viruses are mostly ineffective because fast mutation. Danger viruses are “one way” of evolution. Etc.

Dear Peter Stuchlik,

Yes I agree with you. The development of an effective vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus should take into account the developed results of predictive analyzes describing the potential development of mutations of this virus for the next several months compared to the current laboratory tests.

Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Yes to a certain extent... As a result of reduced confidence in globalization policies, developed and developing countries have started a process of returning to protectionism as a solution to the crisis. Meanwhile the currency wars that started in this process and it’s transformation into trade wars causes new forces to emerge in the world economy, such protectionism policies are not actually an issue, but rather caused new crises... ERTÜRK, N. (2017). Trade Wars And Their Effects On World Economy. Fiscaoeconomia, 1(2), 88-112.

Trade wars affect macro variables of both the countries where their contribution to world economy is substantial enough to ignite a crisis... increase in tariffs rate applied by US affect negatively to Shanghai stock index in the long term. In addition, broad money supply and inflation rate, which are two of the macroeconomic variables used in the analysis, has a positive impact on it... ÖZTÜRK, S., & ALTINÖZ, B. (2019). The effect of US-China trade wars on Shanghai stock exchange composite index. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 59-69.

Global supply chain issues -> economic crisis... what is happening today with COVID-19 and other trade disruptions such as Brexit and the USA imposing tariffs is creating new obstacles that will redirect the future flow of supply chains... Handfield, R. B., Graham, G., & Burns, L. (2020). Corona virus, tariffs, trade wars and supply chain evolutionary design. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.

if the value of the goods export of the U.S. to China increase 1 unit, the value of global export of the goods increases to 58 units. While the trade wars decreased the goods export from the U.S. to China, it has decreased global goods exports too. In 2018, developments in global commodity exports and the U.S. goods exports to China were observed in the same direction... Özer, A. C. (2020). The Effect of the US-China Trade War on Global Trade. In International Trade Policies in the Era of Globalization (pp. 56-70). IGI Global.

Trumponomics describes the economic policies of U.S. President Donald Trump and has an “America-first” ap- proach. The Trump administration risks creating a more fragmented global economy, and has started the biggest global trade war to date. The various sides are still on tenterhooks and threatening to impose additional tariffs worth hundreds of billions of dollars. Using deadweight loss (also known as excess burden or allocative inefficiency) and Harberger’s triangle, this study shows that the trade war is devastating not just for the US and China, but for the entire global economy: (i) the prices of items that directly affect consumers’ welfare will rise; (ii) firms will face extra costs for exports; (iii) investors will become more nervous; (iv) some investors will diversify into Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies; (v) the trade war could turn into a currency war; (vi) even developed countries could be hit by the trade war; and (vii) tariffs applied on developing countries’ exports would rise steeply. In a trade war, everyone may lose... Evans, O. (2019). The effects of US-China trade war and Trumponomics. In Forum Scientiae Oeconomia (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 47-55). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii WSB.

Dear D A Gayan Nayanajith, Dear colleague, I am happy with our cooperation. I am happy with our joint discussions. Thank you very much for participating in the discussion and for answering the question: Can current trade wars lead to a global economic crisis?

Thank you very much for the rich, substantive information and explanations on the topic global economic crisis. Thank you very much for the given bibliographic sources and participation in the discussion. Thank you very much for participating in this discussion and for a substantive, constructive reply. A very good answer on this topic. I learned a lot from the discussions. Thanks for sharing your information. I am glad that the discussion is taking place and developing on this topic. Greetings,

All the best, Stay healthy! Have a nice day,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I think yes.

Dear Isam Alkhalifawi,

Thank you for your answer. I am glad that you share my opinion on this topic. Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Dariusz Prokopowicz the current trade war demonstrates the absence of cooperative efforts towards a more sustainable and fair society among the relevant actors in world politics. In this context, a global economic crisis is a logical consequence. Kind regards, Ernani

Dear Ernani Contipelli, Yes, I agree with your view on this issue. I agree that the ongoing international trade war demonstrates the lack of joint efforts for a more balanced and just society among the relevant actors in world politics. International trade wars have reduced the scale of economic development in many countries in previous years and are now exacerbating the current economic crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Therefore, it is necessary to change this policy in order to increase international economic, financial, social, scientific cooperation, etc., in order to solve global problems and to support economic development and more effective recovery from the current economic crisis, in order to reduce the income stratification, reduce the scale of poverty and solve problems. increasing environmental pollution, decreasing drinking water resources, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, in order to implement the principles of sustainable development, social environmental (ecological) responsibility, pro-ecological reforms of implementing eco-innovations in economic processes, etc. Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Yes, I totally agree with you Dariusz Prokopowicz , because of it the comprehensive agenda on social and human development provided by the SDGs must be the guide principles, the overarching rules to address the global problems that you properly mentioned. K

Dear Ernani Contipelli, Yes, the implementation of the principles of sustainable development, social environmental (ecological) responsibility, pro-ecological reforms, implementing eco-innovations into economic processes, etc., as key elements of the pro-ecological transformation of the traditional brown economy to a sustainable green economy / circular economy, should become the overriding, priority challenge for humanity in the 21st century. century.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Signs of the crisis are now evident

Who knew: a crisis has arrived, but caused by Covid-19. Trade wars exist, but it is not yet possible to calculate the inflow they cause in the global economy.