Starting from a perfect lattice in three dimensions, creating a surface in this lattice breaks the lattice periodicity in the direction normal to the surface. It is natural that atoms in some neighbourhood of the surface will have to readjust their positions with respect to those they took in the bulk, because of the change in their environment. This is called surface reconstruction, about which one can read in the attached Wikipedia article.
When lattice periodicity is broken, one can no longer speak about 'lattice parameters', which are bulk properties (properties of a Bravais lattice). As one approaches the surface, atomic distances begin to change with respect to their bulk values, with some distances increasing and some decreasing (and hence 'surface reconstruction'). Theoretically, the actual atomic distances in the neighbourhood of the surface are to be calculated. For the relevant details, you may wish to consult the book Physics at Surfaces (Cambridge University Press, 1988), by Andrew Zangwill.
I study the book Physics at Surfaces (Cambridge University Press, 1988), by Andrew Zangwill,but I can not find answer.please research about 'lattice parameters' When lattice periodicity is broken (cleavage) , that lattice parameter in surface with respect to those they took in the bulk increase or decrease precisely?is it important that matter to be compound or single component?