ECT is maybe simmilar with reset on computers... Very effective by catatonie and deep depression, but realy a shock for brain and body. Disbalance in neurtransmiters is not a cause of neuropsychiatric disorders - it is a consequence of different causes. Simillar as inflammation as consequence of many chemical, physical and biological pathogenic agents.

Thank you Mr IIankovic. Is there some knowledge about which are the chemical agents? If you have any suggestion of literature  this should help me very much.

When the rTMS stated about 25 years ago, the authors compeared it with ECT. rTMS is a physiological stimulation of the brain because it induces action potential over the axons. The effect depends on the site of the stimulation and parameters. The side effects are differ in two stimulations.  The epileptic seizure is very useful after the ECT, that's why rTMS is also tried in anaesthetized humans  which causes epileptic seizure mainly in psychiatric disorders..

J Málly

Thank you Mrs Málly. Can you indicate any paper about subject?

Swartz CM, "Electroconvulsive and Neuromodulation Therapies" Cambridge University Press, 2009.

http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/medicine/mental-health-psychiatry-and-clinical-psychology/electroconvulsive-and-neuromodulation-therapies

Thank you Mr Swartz.

deep brain stimulation or DBS is frequently used to essential tremor. DBS is a way to inactivate the thalamus, a structure deep in the brain that coordinates and controls muscle activity, without purposefully destroying the brain. The true cause of essential tremor is still not understood, but it is thought that the abnormal brain activity that causes tremor is processed through the thalamus. Deep brain stimulation provides moderate relief for approximately 90% of patients with essential tremor. Also is used to Parkinson Disease, controlling tremor too.

In psychiatric is used to research and not so much to clinical practices. You can stimulate a specific brain region and to release the neurotransmitter that you to want. The news in neuroscience stimulation is the optogenetic... with light you can stimulated only a specific neuron group.

Thank you Mr. Moraes.

Depression and Anxiety Vol 12, number 3, 2000. Electroconvulsive Therapy and TRanscranial Magnetic stimulation. Martin P Szuba, Catherine J Datto, Sarah H Lisanby

Thank you very much Mrs. Málly. The articles are excellent.

All right MJ

It is a most interesting thing, what is causing the neurochemical unbalances in schizophrenia, major depression and mania.

It may be on the side of the question, but I recommend you to look into the results of Robert Cade

http://www.rense.com/health2/milklink.htm

http://www.fooddetective.pl/download/No%2038.%20Cade%20Autism%20and%20Schizophrenia%20Paper.pdf

and Reichelt, Knivsberg et al

Reichelt KL, Hole K, Hamberger A, Sælid G, Edminson PD,Braestrup CB, et al. (1981)Biologically active peptide-containing fractions in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Adv Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 28: 627-698.

Also Whitely, Paul Shattoch et al

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3540005/

on the theme of peptides from a dietary source affecting the mind.

Some more links to relevant literature on the peptide hypothesis in schizophrenia:

Cade RJ, Privette RM, Fregly M, Rowland N, Sun Z, Zele, et al..(2000) Autism and schizophrenia: intestinal disorders. Nutr.Neurosci. 3: 57-72.

Shanahan, M.R., Venturini, A.J., Daiss, J.L., Friedman, A.E.(2000) Peptidediagnostic markers for human disorders. European Patent Application EP 0 969 015 A2: 1-44.

Hole K, Bergslien AA, Jørgensen H, Berge OG, Reichelt KL,Trygstad OE1979). A peptide containing fraction from schizophrenia which stimulates opiate receptors and inhibits dopamine uptake. Neuroscience 4: 1139-1147.

Reichelt KL, Hole K, Hamberger A, Sælid G, Edminson PD,Braestrup CB, et al. (1981)Biologically active peptide-containing fractions in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Adv Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 28: 627-698.

Sun Z, Cade JR.(1999) A peptide found in schizophrenia and autism causes behavioural changes in rats. Autism 3: 85-95.

Sun Z, Cade RJ, Fregly MJ, Privette RM.(1999) Beta-casomorphine induces Fos-like immunoreactivity in discrete brain regions relevant to schizophrenia and autism. Autism 3: 67-83.

Kost NV, Sokolov OY, Kurasova OB, Dimitriev AD,Tarakanova JN, Gabaeva MV, et al(2009). Beta-casomorphin-7 in infants on different type of feeding and different levels of psychomotor development. Peptides 30: 854-60.

Reichelt KL, Ekrem J, Scott H(1990). Gluten, milk proteins and autism: dietary intervention effects on behavior and peptide secretion. J Appl. Nutr. 42: 1-11.

Panksepp, J., Normansell, L., Sivily, S., Rossi, J., Zolovick, A.J..(1978)Casomorphins reduce separation distress in chickens. Peptides; 5: 829-31.

Svedberg, J., De Haas, J., Leimanstoll, G., Paul, , Teschemacher, H. (1985) Demonstration of beta-casomorphin immunoreactive materials in vitro digests of bovine milk and in small intestinal contents after bovine milk ingestion in adult humans. Peptides . 6:825-31.

Tveiten D, Reichelt KL. Exorphins in urine from schizoaffective psychotics. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 2012, 2, 220-227

Thank you Inger, I will read the papers that you recommended.

Schizophrenia is not a disease, it is a syndrome of organ failure that has many different causes. It is analogous to end stage renal disease and congestive heart failure.  The publications that present schizophrenia as if it is a disease are just playing the research business game of attracting funding.

For example one cause of schizophrenia is exposure to neurotoxic chemicals such as methamphetamine. Permanent methamphetamine psychosis was of epidemic proportions in Japan following WWII, because their military was fed methamphetamine and it them became widely available in and out of the military.  During the first 2 or 3 months after exposure to methamphetamine the DSM classification of diagnosis would be psychosis due to methamphetamine. However, after that, and particularly after six months it would be schizophrenia.

Another cause of schizophrenia is tardive psychosis. This is the mental analogy to the physical manifestations of tardive dyskinesia.  This too is usually permanent, and it is caused by exposure to antipsychotic drugs. These are the same drugs that are advocated to treat schizophrenia. It is impossible to separate the symptoms of tardive psychosis from those of schizophrenia, so tardive psychosis is schizophrenia.

Thank you Dr. Swartz.