An examiner told me there is a grammatical error in your paragraph but I cannot find it.
For BPF attack, the watermarked speech signals were
passed through a BPF with bandwidth of from 100 Hz to
7500 Hz and the central frequency of 4 KHz. By changing
the bandwidth of the BPF, the watermarked speech signals
were filtered. Then, the fragile watermark was extracted as
in Figure 10. As seen, the random nature of the extracted
watermark shows that any BPF can be detected.
I am not a native English speaker, so I just make some wild guesses based on my L2 hunch.
1. For BPF attack, since "attack" is a countable noun, you have to either use “for a BPF attack", or "for BPF attacks" depending on the context of your writing.
2. through a BPF with bandwidth of from 100 Hz to 7500 Hz. I would use "bandwidth of 100Hz to 7500Hz", or "bandwidth ranging from 100Hz to 7500Hz".
Maybe other people have better ideas, we will wait and see.
I see just a few issues with "a" and "the." Also. Kilohertz is abbreviated kHz:
"For the BPF attack, the watermarked speech signals were passed through the BPF with a bandwidth of from 100 Hz to 7500 Hz and a central frequency of 4 kHz. By changing the bandwidth of the BPF, the watermarked speech signals were filtered. Then, the fragile watermark was extracted, as in Figure 10. As seen, the random nature of the extracted watermark shows that any BPF can be detected."
Note in the first line, use "the" if you have previously defined the "attach" and the band pass filter. If the BPF is first introduced in this paragraph, use "passed through a BPF."
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