Can a cross-over study be experimental in nature? if so, what is the control?

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Jean Maccario

In a cross-over, to my knowledge, a _time_ factor is present (even if hidden) and confounded with _subject:treatment_ interaction, hence randomization is crucial.

I would be surprised this randomization is possible in an observational study.

This does not make the statistical treatment impossible, but the results have to be examined with care and caution.

David Eugene Booth

See the attached link:

https://www.bing.com/search?q=cross+over+experimental+design&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&pq=cross+over+experimental+design&sc=2-30&sk=&cvid=B3F0B26B3CB3482395CC718334DC3288

Best, David Booth

Mary Nakafeero

Each subjects acts as own control since they have been exposed to both/all treatment arms of the study. Their outcomes on all the treatment arms can then be compared with-in each individual.