Good morning scholars!

Please kindly guide on how to calculate daily simple returns and simple log returns in R. I have calculated these values in other statistical packages successfully but the task insisted that it must be calculated in R studio. Please identify and detect any possible errors in my code. Below are my codes for the task:

rm(list = ls(all = TRUE)); graphics.off(); cat("\014")

#Required libraries

library(quantmod)

library(psych)

library(xts)

#DAILY OPEN PRICE DATASETS with OPEN, CLOSE, HIGH and LOW

getSymbols("^GSPC", src="yahoo", from = "2018-01-01",to="2020-12-31")

SPY1

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