Asbestos is considered the best brake friction material because of its high thermal stability, low wear rate, low cost, etc. But, due to its carcinogenic effects, asbestos has been phased out. Now, asbestos-free braking materials are being developed. Today, non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake pads are being used widely. But, NAO brake pads have low thermal stability. So, the NAO type of brake pads is not suitable for heavy-duty applications. So, which materials are ideal for heavy-duty braking applications? Metal matrix composites? Carbon-carbon composites? Ceramic composites? or any other?

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