thanks a lot for comment. Ethnic entrepreneurship is also related to entrepreneurs that work at the same national boundary but with different culture or society. For example entrepreneurs as Turks and German, who live at same country for years, but have different cultures. Turks in Germany know system, created relations & networks with german etc. But immigrant entrepreneur immigrated to a country newly, so don't know culture, system etc. also war casualties, difficulties... So I prefer to use "immigrant entrepreneurship" because of studying the case of syrian entrepreneurs.

HI Meti,

Loads of immigrant entrepreneurship Literature from the US see Krauffman. org, Background to Europe: http://www.gesis.org/fileadmin/upload/institut/wiss_arbeitsbereiche/gml/Veranstaltungen/5.NK_2007/Papers/Hermes_Leicht.pdf

Another area is post conflict (areas) entrepreneurship.

Syrian papers a bit scare.

Good luck with your search

Rob

thanks a lot. it is really helpful.

Hi,

Here's a few more, that might be of interest(starting point)

Schramm C. (2010). Expeditionary economics: spurring growth after conflict and disasters. Foreign Affairs. 89 (3):89-99.

Vansandt, C. and Sud, M. (2012). Poverty alleviation through partnerships: a road less travelled for business, governments, and entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Ethics.  110:321-332.

Kunt, A., Kapper, L. and Panos, G. (2009). Entrepreneurship in Post-conflict Transition. The role of Informality and Access to Finance. Policy Research Paper 4935. Washington DC:  The World Bank Development Research Group.

Lemmon, G. (2012). Entrepreneurship in post-conflict zones. New York: Council of Foreign Relations Working Paper.

Chowdhury, M. J. A (2011). The determinants of entrepreneurship in a conflict regions: evidence from the Chittagong hills tract in Bangladesh. Journal of Small Business and Entreprneurship. 24(2): 265-293.

Collier, P. and Duponchel, M. (2010). The economic legacy of civil war: firm level evidence

from Sierra Leone. UNU-WIDER Working Paper, 90:2010.

Let me know how it goes

Rob

many thanks again, certainly I inform from here...

Hi,

A good starting point would be having a definition:

Immigrant entrepreneurs are individuals who, as recent arrivals in the country, start a business as a mean of economic survival. This group may involve a migration network linking migrants, former migrants, and non-migrants with common origins and destination (Butler & Greene, 1997). Butler, J.S. & Greene, P.G. 1997.Ethnic entrepreneurship: the continuous rebirth of American enterprise. In D.L. Sexton & R.W. Smilor (Eds.), Entrepreneurship 2000: 267-289. Chicago: Upstart. 

Thanks again... We have just started with a couple of interviews with syrian entrepreneurs. I have realized that the entrepreneurs do not exercise so much with each other in the means of entrepreneurial network of immigrants as definition of Butler&Greene definition. Of course we don't have enough cases that to extrapolate , but I agree the term of 'economic survive' definitely. But, whatever causes to be entrepreneurs, why some people do it and others not? I think again characteristics of entrepreneurs?! Even in the difficult situations!

Hi,

Are these Syrian Entrepreneurs in Refugee areas(camps- hoping to return to Syria - post conflict) or are they migrants- moving on to Greece-Europe. Is their target market other Syrians? Turks? Capital/funding for Enterprise (Sources) and Ethics, could be a few issues to investigate. in addition to the ones you mention Networks and Push/Pull factors - survival/well-being.

From an economic stance not just survival for them + dependents (now) but 'profits' could fund further future transition.

Rob

we concentrate migrants not refugee and some of them try to move to west. Their markets are mostly Syrian with cultural reasons, indeed they complain that unable to sell any goods to Turks, but of course they want. As far as I understand they try to save the day, only one of them, he has with dreams for future. Actually he has international experience from his country, deal with imports/exports

Hi,

By the UNHCR, Refugees: are persons fleeing armed conflict or persecution and Migrants choose to move not because of a direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family reunion, or other reasons.

Under International law refugees/asylum seekers have certain rights- and can legally become immigrant entrepreneurs in their 'adopted' countries, whereas migrants, in most  cases, will have to gain entry illegally, therefore 'outside' official welfare support and/or judicial structure (usually to prevent detection/deportation by authorities) and will work/start businesses in the informal/black economy sector(illegal entrepreneurship) to survive. This is what is transpiring and the closure of borders to migrants (especially non-Syrians) by certain countries bordering or within the EU at the moment.

So distinct reasons! Migrants could be more open to entrepreneurship as this will help them to achieve objectives as per definition (necessity entrepreneurs!- push factor!).

This will effect your original question- change of focus?. So what is the status of the sample you are interviewing? Refugee or Migrant? or mixture of both? Are they deemed legal or illegal by the Turkish authorities? Are the two groups taking distinct paths?  Are there non-Syrians pretending to be Syrian (Refugee) to obtain status- are they telling you or the Authorities the truth.

Unclear to me at the moment as to where your research is going/achieve! Can you tell me?

ILLEGAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

http://papers.tinbergen.nl/04105.pdf

Robert Smith and Gerard McElwee. The embeddedness of illegal entrepreneurship in a closed ethnic community. Int. J. Business and Globalisation, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2013

Gerard McElwee , Robert Smith Towards a Nuanced Typology of Illegal Entrepreneurship: A Theoretical and Conceptual Overview

Exploring Criminal and Illegal Enterprise: New Perspectives on Research, Policy & Practice. 2015, 3-22

Rob

many thanks again for your clarifying of distinction between refugee-migrants. It is really dispersed the cloud on me. In our case the people are escaped, fled from war, so those are mainly refugees. but also those live not in closed area, refugee camps. They live everywhere, like citizens of our country, having same rights excepts to vote and be selected. I return the definition of Butler&Greene (1997), as you have written, "start a business as a mean of economic survival", those people are fled from war, mainly do business to survive (of course my inference) but do not live in the camp, and think to live in Turkey or to pass to west. So how can I define them? Or can I use a new definition like "immigrant/post conflict entrepreneurship"? 

- Our sample are definitely legal groups, who are registered while crossing the border. They are from Syria, it is clear, because of narrations of them. 

- we have two different sample, one of them do registered business, having a registered workplace, workers (certainly Syrian), registered taxpayers etc. Second sample is entrepreneurs, are not registered, means of taxpayers, and do business in marketplace. But those are known by local authorities, pay municipal fees at a day basis. So both of sample group are deemed as legal by Turkish government and municipalities.

It seems to me our sample immigrant entrepreneur, not migrant. But I confuse with distinction between immigrant and refugee. I have written that the interviews go on, my student, a graduate, have reached only one person who does business with a dream to take advantage of opportunities (opportunity entrepreneurship?) others do business to survive as necessity, I think as mentioned before necessity entrepreneurship also can be used for immigrants. Am I on the right path?

Hi,

From a technical point:

They can only be regarded as Immigrant Entrepreneurs if Turkey as given them Asylum/Refugee status and have the right to stay/be there i.e.Turkey (doesn't matter if they in a camp or not). Also if, registered, they could apply to be accepted by a third country and if started an enterprise in that country would be deemed an Immigrant and/or Ethic Entrepreneur (re: Aslan's answer in the beginning) as well!

Post Conflict Entrepreneurship- would be, if they returned to Syria (after peace settlement?) and started an enterprise there.

If they fall outside the above then they would be deemed illegal entrepreneurs [highly likely to be migrants who wouldn't be registered to pay tax etc., per reasons explained in previous post], however this doesn't mean they are carrying out illegal activities (such as crime) but doing entrepreneur activities from 'necessity' to survive, for example, Official  Sources of aid/support would be aimed at 'legal' refugees not to them, However, it would be understandable that  Refugee/Immigrant Entrepreneurs would have to take similar activities (but legal, as stated in your post), if the situation was that the Turkish Authorities did not have the structures or resources to support them.

This paper might help you (although dealing with camps, Literature is relevant):

http://insight.jbs.cam.ac.uk/assets/Marlen-de-la-Chaux-Entrepreneurship-and-Innovation1.pdf

So we are back to the question! Refugee/Immigrant (Migrant not included by you!)Entrepreneurship on the Turkish/Syrian Border: Is it Necessity or Opportunistic? Is this right? You will have define where you are going with your research and what you are investigating?- this you will need to expand on?

They can carry out both in the formal (Firms, shops etc) and informal (market stalls, side of the road) sectors. If you need more information on this, see works by Colin.C. Williams. However, my advice would keep focus on the above question.

Hope this helps

Rob

Certainly yes. It clarified me some confusion. Our research aims to determine and analyze Syrian immigrant entrepreneurs, what they do, how they react in some circumstances as a entrepreneur. I think we shall specify both, necessity and opportunistic behavior.

Thank again that you have given valuable information. Can I return to ask you if I fall in difficulties in some concepts? Really thanks again.

Hi Metin,

Ok, that's fine, yes you will have to investigate both! to have academic creditability!

So does a necessity entrepreneur enter because of the dire circumstances they face (push factors) or through opportunities (pull factor) he/she sees in the needs of the people/market around them.

Make sure your methodology, sample and analysis are in order!

In case you are looking for Definitions of necessity or opportunity entrepreneur/ship, I would suggest you use the GEM ones!

Since 2001, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) has discussed two different types of entrepreneurship:

Necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship (e.g., Block  and Wagner, 2007; Reynolds et al., 2002; Sternberg et al., 2006). The difference between the two types depends on the motivation of an entrepreneur to start his/her venture.

Opportunity entrepreneurs:

 Are those who start their businesses in order to pursue an opportunity, 

 Necessity entrepreneurship is more requirement-based (e.g., Reynolds et al., 2005).

I have attached a GEM 2010 Report for Turkey, for more detail- you can look up for a later version!

Rob

Hi Metin,

You could have a look on the work of Julie Garnier (Université F. Rabelais, Tours). She is on researchgate and also has published besides. She did her PhD on african migrations in France and entrepreneurship.

Her thesis title is :

Pratiques de l'échange, circulations et stratégies spatio-temporelles : la mise en scène des commerçants africains en milieu urbain

Practical of the exchange, circulations and strategies space-time : the setting in scene of the African tradesmen in urban environment

Summary :

What happens when people of different status and from different geographical and cultural origins come together in a situation of commercial exchange ? Based on an ethnographic approach, centred about the world of entrepreneurs and their co-actors, in particular, African vendors and their customers, we thought to discover what comes into play in such situations - the process of social acknowledgement, of identity-driven negociations, and the possibilities of expressing contemporaneous identities. We carried out wider research, both ahead of and subsequent to the central body of work, concerning the specific integration of these African vendors in the Poitou-Charentes region, examining their commercial initiatives, their trading itineraries and their careers. At the center of our research we look into the question of intercultural communication - how do the individuals concerned together create a sense of "African-ness" ? and what are the identification process that these creations induce ? Lastly, our research takes a thematic look at the social networks and ritual involved activities, regarding them as practical resources, essential both to the organisation of trade and living together. Using a localised approach based on questions of mobility, we have attempted to gain insight into the ways in which African entrepreneurs use the opportunities that exist in the "post-Fordian"economy, through consumer-driven demand for various cultures in order to trade and to redefine. So, while African vendors help to construct ethnic boundaries and up-to date cultural stereotypes within the framework of commercial exchange, they are also participating to the construction of a kind of hybrid "world culture"

You can contact her via researchgate and read one's article (file below)

Garnier Julie, « Le quotidien professionnel des commerçants subsahariens en Poitou-Charentes. », Ethnologie française 4/2009 (Vol. 39) , p. 709-720

URL : www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2009-4-page-709.htm.

DOI : 10.3917/ethn.094.0709.

Hope it could be useful,

Christophe Gibout

Hi Metin,

I am sure you are aiming for an International Journal with your paper.

Let me know how it goes.

I have attached some refugee maps this you could use in your narrative. Also a paper including Syrian refugees and entrepreneurship/innovation in Jordan

Rob

Hi Rob,

Thank you very much again. I reached and used GEM before for social entrepreneurship, valuable and perpetual knowledge I think. thanks again.

Hi Christophe,

Thanks for your support.

Dear Jutta, thanks a lot...

Perhaps some of these could be useful

http://www.soziologie.de/de/nc/aktuell/meldungen-archiv/aktuelles-suche.html

"Social Media and Migration Research" Elaine McGregor, Melissa Siegel

December 2013

Geißler, R., & Pöttker, H. (2009). Media, Migration, Integration: European and North American Perspectives. 

Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level

INGRID VERHEUL, ANDRE ́ VAN STEL RHOY THURIK

Dear Pablo,

Thanks a lot

We did this work as part of our studies. Parhaps it could be also useful.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292963221_Migrant_entrepreneurship_on_German_universities_To_what_extent_do_universities_and_corresponding_entrepreneurship_clubs_foster_migrant_entrepreneurship_through_their_internet_platforms_and_personal_se

Article Migrant entrepreneurship on German universities: To what ext...

Hi Pablo,

thanks a lot....

Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Identification of Foreign Market Opportunities

Melanie Smans*, Susan Freeman* and Jill Thomas*. You may find some useful insights here

thank you very much... it's useful, so do I

You might be intersted into teh attached article; best regards, MV

some reeadings are:

Storti, Luca

Being an entrepreneur: emergence and structuring of two immigrant entrepreneur groups

Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)

Entrepreneurship & Regional Development

Year:2014

Month:08

Day:08

Volume:26

Issue:7-8

First page:521

Last page:545

Rosalind J. Beiler . Immigrant and Entrepreneur: The Atlantic World of Caspar Wistar, 1650–1750. (Max Kade German‐American Research Institute Series.) University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . 2008 . Pp. xii, 208. $55.00.

Ribeiro‐Soriano, Domingo; Rueda Armengot, Carlos; Solé Parellada, Frances; Rieta Carbonell, Joaquín

The immigrant entrepreneur in the international change

Emerald (MCB UP )

Journal of Organizational Change Management

Year:2010

Month:07

Day:06

Volume:23

Issue:4

First page:377

Last page:395

Allen, Ryan; Busse, Erika

The social side of ethnic entrepreneur breakout: evidence from Latino immigrant business owners

Informa UK (Taylor & Francis)

Ethnic and Racial Studies

Year:2016

Month:03

Day:15

Volume:39

Issue:4

First page:653

Last page:670

Izhak Schnell; Itzhak Benenson; Michael Sofer

The Spatial Pattern of Arab Industrial Markets in Israel

Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Year:1999

Month:

Day:

Volume:89

Issue:2

First page:312

Izhak Schnell; Michael Sofer

Embedding entrepreneurship in social structure: Israeli-Arab entrepreneurship

Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

Year:2003

Month:

Day:

Volume:27

Issue:2

First page:300

Last page:318

Arab Industrialization in Israel: Ethnic Entrepreneurship in the Periphery, by Itzhak Schnell, Michael Sofer & Israel Drori. 204 pages, maps, figures, tables, bibliography, index. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995. $55 (Cloth) ISBN 0-275-94856-0

Sofer, Michael; Saada, M.A. Tzipi

Women entrepreneurs in the rural space in Israel: Catalysts and obstacles to enterprise development

Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)

Sociologia Ruralis

Year:2016

Month:02

Sofer, Michael; Schnell, Izhak; Drori, Israel

Industrial Zones and Arab Industrialization in Israel

Society for Applied Anthropology

Human Organization

Year:1996

Month:12

Day:

Volume:55

Issue:4

First page:465

Last page:474