Search in google.com for query and also search in youtube , you will get video lectures . I am attaching one ppt for you.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography
Dear Hamid
Application of XRD technique
1-Accurate lattice parameter measurements
2-Identification of unknown phases
3-Measurement of crystal (grain) size
4-Measurement of internal elastic strains
Search in google.com for query and also search in youtube , you will get video lectures . I am attaching one ppt for you.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography
The XRD stands for X RAY DIFFRACTION
1. The XRD helps us to understand 3dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline solid.
2. The distance between any two successive atoms in any direction which tells us how closely the atoms are packed in the solid.
3. The angular relation between the atomic repetition tells us the molecular gemeotry of the atoms in the solid.
4. Packing density of a solid.
5. Nature of inter molecular interactions.
6. Molecular structure of the Crystalline solids. The molecular structure is a most essential parameter for synthesis of new drugs possessing important biological activities
Analysis of metal and metal composites, polymer characterization, particle size determination etc.
XRD is used for structural characterization such as- determination of crystallite size, phase and d spacing.
Dear Zaid Hamid
This question is like "What is spectroscopy useful for?"... Instead of asking such a general question it would be better to read some basic information online and then ask more specific questions... There are many experts reading this thread and your question is not possible to be answered in any tangible form.
For a very broad starting point: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography
And for the basics of crystallography there is a lot of material at the International Union of Crystallography web site: http://www.iucr.org and in particular there is a ton of educational material at https://www.iucr.org/education
There are hundreds of books of all levels to read depending on what you need to analyze or what specific X-ray diffraction technique you need to/have access to use.
Best of luck with entering in the fascinating world of crystallography.
Leo
Dear Zaid,
among others 'x-ray diffraction' is one of your 'skills and expertise' according to your RG home page.
So why do you ask such a very general questions on XRD applications.....
Thus you should know the basics of XRD and its applications or please at least skip the 'x-ray diffraction' from your 'skills and expertise' list.
Dear Zaid,
thanks for the trial to more specify your question.
But you should first of all edit your comment above. There are a lot of repetitions of the same sentence; it is hard to read.
By the way, a Debye equation for calculating the grain size is not known to me; I think you meant the Scherrer equation for calculating the crystallite size. Please have a look at the history attached.
Discussions of crystallite, grain and particle size pop up all around here on RG. You may use the RG search button on top of each RG page for accessing these dicussions.
A lot of XRD applications are already mentioned above.
I am sorry sir the replay for replying sentace this problem in my profile when I write as comment
The first purpose to use XRD is to identifying the (i) crystal structure because now a days peoples are working nano, so definitely we need the crystal structure.
(ii) to measure the inner properties of the crystal(lattice parameter, interplannar distance, density, volume, dislocation density, stacking fault,angle, crystallinity.,etc)
(iii) to identifying the phase
Best regards
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