Please read the article “Smart materials in additive manufacturing: state of the art and trends”. According to the above article “Additive Manufacturing or 3D Printing has a great potential to develop significant advances in materials, printers’ technology, and processes. Thus, the layer by layer manufacturing has existed for three decades and new developments recently appeared in smart materials. Laboratories discovered ways to design and manufacture advanced structured materials and responsive materials used in multi-functional and high-performance products. The current research and development efforts will have an impact on the traditional design and manufacturing process. 4D Printing announces a major modification in the product design and manufacturing process from static structures to dynamic structures like Shape Memory Material (SMM) with integrated functionalities.

Thank you very much @ Pervaiz

Dear Ajit Behera ,

See:

Article Evaluation in 4D printing – A review

Article 4D Printing at the Microscale

Article Laws of 4D Printing

Preprint 4D printing of reconfigurable metamaterials and devices

Article Control-Based 4D Printing: Adaptive 4D-Printed Systems

Regards,

Wiltgen

Thank you Filipe.