Can 3D concrete printing technology at the current level of development be considered sufficiently developed to be widely used? What are the examples of the largest structures made in 3D concrete printing technology? Are there examples of residential buildings in real use, not just demo buildings?
At the current level, the technology has proven itself well in low-rise construction. My calculations and real examples show that it is already possible to build 2-3 storey buildings. In some cases, it is possible to build walls without standard steel reinforcement. 3D concrete printing also copes quite well with small architectural forms (benches, flowerpots, sculptures) and technical structures (fences, garages, bridges, etc.).
In the construction of multistorey structures, the question of how to reinforce such structures is seriously raised. The use of standard reinforcement technology increases the construction time. It makes no sense to print interfloor constructions, because they absolutely need a reinforcement framework. Also the layering surface is unacceptable for interfloor plates. Therefore, the use of 3D printing for multistorey structures is limited to the construction of exterior walls, individual architectural elements, and unusual roof shapes.
Of the largest structures, three can be noted:
1. Five-story demo building assembled from 3D printed blocks from the Chinese company WinSun: https://www.cnet.com/culture/worlds-first-3d-printed-apartment-building-constructed-in-china/
2. Also WinSun with 1100 sq. m. demo villa (as I know, also assembled from printed blocks): https://3d-expo.ru/en/article/winsun-china-builds-world-s-first-3d-printed-villa-and-tallest-3d-printed-apartment-building
3. 600 sq. m. building by PERI and COBOD companies (fully monolith printing): https://cobod.com/europe-largest-3d-printed-building/
There are some buildings in real use:
https://www.east17thstreetresidences.com/
https://www.overlandpartners.com/icon-3d-printed-homes-for-the-homeless-now-available-in-austin/#:~:text=Now%20the%20company%2C%20in%20cooperation,generation%20Vulcan%20II%203D%20printer.
https://3dprint.com/287948/habitat-for-humanity-3d-printed-home-owner-moves-in-just-in-time-for-christmas/amp/
Over the past 5 years, there have been many announcements about the construction of complexes with cheap 3D printed houses in India and Latin America. However, such buildings are only at the beginning of their real use.
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