In nanoparticles synthesis, reducing agents change metal into its zero oxidation state,which form cluster with other atoms and then coated with capping agent, why necessary to change metal into zero oxidation states, which force responsible to form clusters?
You have mentioned in your text, that reducing agent reduces metal from ionic to zero state. without this, metal would be in ionic state as dissolved ion in the solution. So reducing agent reduce ion to metal zero state, which further stabilized by the capping agent. In the absence of the capping agent, metal, after reduction will agglomerate and precipitate out.
In case of carbon nano dots or carbon nanoparticles , there is no reducing agent snd there is no stabilizing agent ? how nanoparticles form there and how are these stabilized with out capping agent?
oh, the quick answer would be; you need to reduce the metalcompoubnd into the oxidationsstate of zero, otherwhice it wouldnt be a metal. And that is what a reducing agent is for. Also reduction can be carried outti n a very controlled way (check for example "Schzmidt" when it comes to gold nanoparticles) - even the number of atoms per cluster can be somehow be controlled (for examle: Au55 - exactly 55 gold atoms in that cluster). Some reducing agents may also functionalizes the metalnanoparticle surface in a prallell or simutaneous process. Hpe this helps a little bit :) Per
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