Why there is not a special grain refiner in the copper alloys during solidification process, just as the Al-Ti-B role in refinement of Al alloys?

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Salar Salahi

We found great refinement on pure copper by FSP. Some other reports endorse refinement on pure copper during FSP and FSW .

Salahi, S., V. Rezazadeh, et al. (2013). "Microstructural Refinement of Pure Copper by Friction Stir Processing." Advanced Materials Research 787: 256-261

www.scientific.net/AMR.787.256

J.C. Jie

Thanks for Volker. However, it fails in openning the web site, and this book can not be read.

Thanks for Salar. The effect of FSW on refinement of pure Cu is well. However, I means the grain refinment during solidification process.

Thanks for Volker. I will try to get this book and read it. Maybe the question like this can only be from books.