i think it is the un predictable weather conditions brought by climate change and global warming .

Dr Ahmed Hassan Adan thank you for your contribution to the discussion

In general, ecosystems react to changes in ways that maintain or restore balance to the ecosystem. Environmental change in the form of a sudden disturbance can damage and disrupt ecosystems. However, over time, organisms will migrate back into damaged areas in predictable patterns. Weather is a complex phenomenon which can vary over a short period of time and thus is difficult to predict. It is easier to predict climate as it is the average weather pattern taken over a long time. The rate of future global warming depends on future emissions, feedback processes that dampen or reinforce disturbances to the climate system, and unpredictable natural influences on climate like volcanic eruptions. Ecosystems are inherently complex and difficult to model, and our ability to predict exactly how species and ecosystems will respond to a changing climate is limited. This uncertainty limits our ability to mitigate, minimize, or ameliorate the effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Greenhouse gases affect how much of the Sun's energy the Earth loses back to space. Predicting global temperature change is hard, even though the principle sounds easy. In simple terms, energy reaches Earth from the Sun. Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. In flowering plants, specific growth factors move from growing regions to other tissues, where they regulate growth in response to directional stimuli. Important direct drivers include habitat change, climate change, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution. Most of the direct drivers of degradation in ecosystems and biodiversity currently remain constant or are growing in intensity in most ecosystems. Impacts of climate change on ecosystems reduce their ability to improve water quality and regulate water flows. Rapid changes to ecosystems may cause the displacement or loss of many species. Timing of biological events is shifting, affecting species and habitats.

Predicting exactly how most ecosystems would be affected and organisms respond to changes in the environment is difficult for a number of reasons, including:

• Ecosystems are complex and dynamic systems. They are made up of many different interacting components, including plants, animals, microbes, and the physical environment. These components are all interconnected in complex ways, and changes in one component can have cascading effects on other components. This makes it difficult to predict how an ecosystem will respond to a change in the environment, as the change may have different effects on different components and these effects may interact in complex and unpredictable ways.
• Our understanding of ecosystems is limited. We know a lot about individual species and ecological processes, but we have a less complete understanding of how ecosystems work as a whole. This is because ecosystems are complex and dynamic, and it is difficult to study them in a way that captures all of their complexity.
• Environmental changes are often complex and interacting. Ecosystems are not only affected by single environmental changes, such as climate change or pollution. They are also affected by multiple interacting changes, such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and land use. These interacting changes can make it difficult to predict how an ecosystem will respond, as the effects of the different changes may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic.
• Ecosystems are stochastic. This means that there is an element of randomness in their behavior. This randomness can make it difficult to predict how an ecosystem will respond to a change in the environment, as the response may vary depending on random chance.

In addition to these general challenges, there are also some specific challenges associated with predicting the responses of different types of organisms to environmental change. For example, it is difficult to predict how organisms with complex life cycles will respond to environmental change, as the different stages of their life cycles may be affected in different ways. It is also difficult to predict how organisms that are adapted to specific environmental conditions will respond to changes in those conditions.

Despite these challenges, scientists are making progress in predicting the responses of ecosystems and organisms to environmental change. They are developing new models and tools that take into account the complexity and dynamics of ecosystems. They are also conducting long-term studies that are providing insights into the effects of environmental change on ecosystems and organisms.

Here are some examples of the difficulty of predicting ecosystem response to environmental change:

• The collapse of the cod fishery in the North Atlantic in the 1990s was unexpected and had a devastating impact on the ecosystem.
• The introduction of invasive species can have unpredictable effects on ecosystems. For example, the introduction of the zebra mussel to the Great Lakes has had a major impact on the ecosystem, but the exact nature of the impact was difficult to predict.
• Climate change is having a complex and interacting impact on ecosystems around the world. For example, warmer temperatures are causing some species to shift their ranges, while changes in precipitation patterns are causing some ecosystems to become more or less productive.

These examples show that predicting ecosystem response to environmental change is a complex task. However, scientists are making progress in this area, and their predictions are becoming more accurate over time.

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Ecosystems are inherently complex and difficult to model, and our ability to predict exactly how species and ecosystems will respond to a changing climate is limited. This uncertainty limits our ability to mitigate, minimize, or ameliorate the effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. It is also difficult to predict the size of the emissions of greenhouse gases in the coming decades as this can be influenced by political decisions and technological advancements. Many of the effects of global warming have been well documented and observations from real life are consistent with predictions.Anomalies and off-measurements: there are an unbelievable amount of measurements that are inputted into climate model calculations. Any slight mistakes in these measurements could result in subtle changes in how the model works, and eventually lead to very different values. Any change in the environment to which an organism responds to is called a stimulus. Response is the reaction of the organism to the stimulus. Tropism is the growth movement of the organism depending on the direction of the stimulus. Dominance is suppression of another part of a plant from growing.Greenhouse gases affect how much of the Sun's energy the Earth loses back to space. Predicting global temperature change is hard, even though the principle sounds easy. In simple terms, energy reaches Earth from the Sun.