i'm not sure i understand your question, but the short circuit currents are too high compared to line charging current, the short circuit breaking current value is too high because it depends on the short circuit power of the power system (Scc) and the breaker needs to be capable of opening the circuit at that rating to prevent material damages.

the breaker open the circuit when the current passes through zero crossing to avoid overvoltages caused by opening an inductive circuit, and then the breaker needs to extinguish the arc caused by air ionisation due to high voltage

Today’s circuit breaker mostly use special gas inside breaking chamber. It is SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride). This gas is use for extinguishing the arc. Arc inside circuit breaker appears when contact inside breaking chamber start to move, from closing position to opening position. Breaking chamber have special design with two goals. To create high pressure of SF6 gas and this gas must have intensive flow across the opening area where arc appears. Also this gas flow, redirect arc to the special position inside breaking chamber with one goal. This goal is to extinguishing the arc. However, for exploitation of circuit breaker we have contradictory conditions. Small and great current, and 0 degree shift to voltage and 90 degree shift. Therefore, line charging current create extreme condition inside breaking chamber of circuit breaker. This is a small current with 90 degree shift. Small current generally create small pressure of SF6 inside a chamber. This small pressure is less effective to create high-speed flow inside a chamber. And 90 degree shift create a higher voltage between the opening contact. As a results in general, breaker can extinguishing the arc of smaller current (for example only 30A for 110 kV). During the short circuit, we have greater current. This current create a higher pressure of Sf6 inside chamber. Result is the breaker can extinguishing the arc of greater current (40kA for 110kV). There are many books for circuit breaker theory and modelling, it can help.