Gell-Mann's Construction : up = (1/2, 1/3, 2/3)
(Spin, Strangeness, Charge) top = (0, 2/3, 2/3)
charm = (1/2, 2/3, 2/3)
If this small fractional points are accepted, then all the small quarks can be put in a SYSTEM and be continued to the Periodic SYSTEM. The mass of the particles can be
deturmined by the weight similar to the Higgs boson.
Among other reasons, because the up quark, the charm quark and the top quark don’t carry strangeness-which is carried by the strange quark.
The periodic table was ``periodic" due to the rules for filling the shells, which was fully understood in 1915.
There’s no periodicity in the quark and lepton families and the masses of the quarks and leptons are free parameters, in the sense that the equations don’t require specific mass ratios, they make sense for other mass ratios, also.
The second charge plane has down, strange and bottom quark geometric axiaom
The second charge plane has down, strange and bottom quark geomaxiaom
The second charge plane has down, strange and bottom quark geomaxiaom
The second charge plane has down, strange and bottom on -1/3e on a circle line as 3D plan
A
Good afternoon. Firstly, the Standard Model certainly has many practical confirmations, except for one, the most important thing - there is no experimental proof of the existence of quarks as material objects with fractional charges. The only reason why leptons with integers cannot be accepted as quarks !!! the charges are that supposedly leptons do not participate in a strong interaction. Moreover, the mechanism of reducing the mass of nucleons when they are combined into an atomic nucleus still does not have a clear formula. There is a semi-empirical Weizsacker formula and that's it...
Once upon a time, at the initial stage of development, physicists believed that a flash of lightning and a thunderclap were cause and effect. Justification: they are local and simultaneous. The further development of physics has found out that BOTH of these phenomena are the result of an electric discharge caused by the ionization of the atmosphere, due to the magnetic field of the planet generated by the metal core of the Earth...
So it is with the "weight loss" of nucleons and the appearance of forces holding them. They are local and simultaneous. But this is not enough to consider them unambiguously cause and effect. It is quite possible that both of these physical processes are a consequence of the third, fourth... we have not yet understood or examined. I write about this in my works posted on this site. Start with the concept of mass.
If we take leptons with whole charges as quarks (in the case of hadrons nested one inside the other), then the formulas for particle decays become mathematically rigorous and all questions with charges disappear.
The experimental evidence of quarks as material objects carrying spin 1/2 and fractional electric charge comes from the deep inelastic scattering experiments at SLAC and the further experiments at HERA, LEP and LHC.
SLAC proved nothing. In this experiment (as in others) we did not see something with a fractional charge outside the nucleon. Confinement is a very weak crutch for confirming the Standard Model. SLAC it only showed that there is something inside and it is less than the standard charge and point. My geometric model of elementary particles is also quite suitable for this. I attach drawings of nucleons. Quarks d (cubes) carry a single charge, which is distributed either on 6 faces or on 8 vertices.
This is exactly what the experiment showed.
There is a lot of talk about symmetry groups in the standard model. Why not assume that elementary particles (leptons) really have the symmetry of regular polyhedra.
Quarks are polyhedra - leptons.
The length of the edge dictates the volume, and it is proportional to the mass of the particle.
For more details, see the article that I have on this site.
The Lagrangian of the quarks or of the leptons isn't invariant under the discrete transformations mentioned. How to check this is elementary. That's why these transformations aren't useful.
It's not necessary to extract the quarks from the nucleons to study their properties, any more than it is necessary to ionize the hydrogen atom to study the properties of the electron bound to the proton.
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