Mr. Rakesh

Both basic and applied research were seen as activities of a different nature, carried out by different institutions and financed from different sources.

Example in the 1970s and 1980s, the information and communication technologies (ICT)—later reinforced by biotechnology—started a trend in which it became increasingly important to turn scientific research into concrete products.

Whole industries were built around the idea of developing new commodities and services from basic research as quickly as possible. As a result of these new economic developments, the strict division between basic and applied research in those fields has weakened, until the boundaries have become obsolete and sometimes artificial.

As a result, researchers co-operate and forge partnerships with industries, as well as the regional importance of academic research and its role in the local economic setting, changed dramatically during the 1990s.

While most universities were government funded and their research results were made fully available to society as a whole. However,, more recently they have evolved into institutions funded through a variety of sources and with different stakeholders, who expect the knowledge generated to be protected and exploited in an appropriate way.

Of course, these changes have been more prevalent in fields such as biomedical research or ICT where basic research can be translated fairly rapidly into viable applications, unlike in other domains such as astronomy or particle physics.

Is not a matter of modern times or earlier, when  a research is conducted, it depends on WHO funded the research? WHY( for what purpose?),HOW ( in terms of equipment /facility required to conduct the research successfully) and WHEN ( how urgent do research results must be applied to solve prevailing issues ?)

Thank you.