It will depend on several factors and generally a combination of several of them. First, it depends obviously on the strain of bacteria and concentration of chlorine. The other relevant factors to analyse are filtration (existing or not, its porosity, maintenance state, etc), temperature of the media (several studies show that T > 15 C will promote bacterial growth), pH of the water, levels of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), existence of corrosion in the pipes or storage tanks, residence time of the water in a given zone or tank, and possible existence of stratification.
Take a look at your system and consider implications of all these factors and you will get to the explanation.