Solar protuberances can be of three types: (1) loop-shaped; (2) normal to the visible solar surface; (3) initially parallel to the solar surface and then going away normally to it. For example, the protuberance of June 4, 1946 was of the third type.
A short description of this protuberance is available by the address:
http://www.prosto-o-slognom.ru/astronomia/28.html. This description is given there in Russian and is translated by me. “One of the largest solar protuberances was observed on June 4, 1946. At first, it had a form of a giant pulsing arch that extended for 700 000 km that is a half of Sun's diameter. Then, this protuberance quickly shot up above the chromosphere before the amazed astronomers' eyes and reached a height of 1 700 000 km! This height exceeds the Earth–Moon distance by a factor of 4.4.”
The detailed NASA information in English is available by the address:
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/125856/pdf in the paper by Pettit E., where Fig. 1 gives the scheme of the protuberance moving (Pettit E., “An Eruptive Prominence of Record Height, June 4, 1946”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol.58, No.344, p.310-314).
What are the physical causes of each type of solar protuberances?
Dear Thierry,
I see that your answer to my question shows that your notion of the process of planet formation has some common features with our notion of the Solar System formation, the last was first published in English in 2007 (Ostrovskii V.E., Kadyshevich E.A., Physics-Uspekhi, 50(2007) 175−196) available by the address: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235351966_Generalized_hypothesis_of_the_origin_of_the_living-matter_simplest_elements_transformation_of_the_Archean_atmosphere_and_the_formation_of_methane_-_Hydrate_deposits and described shortly in (Kadyshevich E.A., EPSC Proc., 4 (2009) EPSC2009-1) available by the address: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255946496_The_planet_formation_hypothesis_Why_are_the_Solar_System_planets_different_in_their_chemical_compositions . For the initial acquaintance with our theory, I could advise you the short paper of 2009. I ask you to bear in mind that, in our subsequent works, we arrived at a conclusion that the so-called supernova is no other than the explosion of the radiation zone of a star and that the Sun is the tertiary star, i.e., radiation zone of this star underwent two explosions, and we live in the epoch between the second and third explosions of the radiation zone of this star.
A principal likeness of our and your notionsconsists in the thesis that the Solar System planets formed from a star in contrast to the concept that the Sun and planets formed independently from a nebula. I would be interested in a discussion with you after your acquaintance with our concept.
Dear All,
I see that nobody is capable of answering to this question. Apparently, the absence of answers represents confirmation of the fact that only the PFO-CFO Theory but no other one is capable of answering to this question.
Please, accept our answer.
The solar radiation zone (RZ) is separated from the solar core by an electron-enriched layer (e-layer). Into this layer, electrons continuously diffuse from the core, where the process similar to the thermal electron emission from the mass/energy substance proceeds continuously as a result of the gravitational pressing. This process signifies the first stage of mass/energy changing to matter. The e-layer is located at the distance from the center, where the forces directed to and from the solar surface are mutually compensated. After RZ formation, the RZ and core consolidate independently from each other. The RZ is condensed, but not gaseous. As the electron pressure in the e-layer increases, electron gas diffuses through RZ in the form of fine trickles to the solar surface. However, this process doesn’t compensate the rate of the electron diffusion from the solar core. At one moment, the electron pressure becomes exceeding its critical value and the electron gas ejects through the RZ in the form of protuberances (flares). All along, the RZ substance somewhat flows off from the solar equator (i.e., from the plane of the ecliptic) poleward, and, therefore, the flares are concentrated around this plane. The flares consist of electrons and the pico-drops of the solar substance that occurs at the e-layer outer boundary. The energy of each flare is made up of the energies of its electrons and the energy of its radioactive pico-drops, which emits as a result of the decays of these pico-drops.
In each epoch, the rate of electron emission and the degrees of pressing of the solar core and RZ have constant values and, therefore, the ejections of flares proceed with approximately constant intervals.
In reality, the stellar flares can be of four types.
The flares have a loop shape (flares of type (1)), when the flare full energy is insufficient for the flares to enter circumstellar orbit and the major portion of the substance of these flares return to the star.
The flares of type (2) enter a near circumstellar orbit as a result of a sufficient energy contribution due to the current radiation-chemical decays of the radioactive solar substance entering their composition and, thus, form the circumstellar layer of gaseous radioactive stellar substance whose composition varies in time depending on the stellar substance composition at the e-layer/RZ inner boundary.
The flares of type (3) pass initially some route section along the stellar surface and accept so much energy for this time from the radioactive decays of the solar substance occurring within them that, then, they are capable of swiveling, abandoning the circumstellar space, and going away from the star, as the flares observed during the solar event of June 4, 1946.
The flares of type (4) are of an arrow shape. When erupting from the RZ of a star, they have already the energy sufficient to abandon the circumstellar space. Such a great energy can be caused by the occurrence in their composition of a radioactive substance characterized by a short half-decay period. The red dwarf DG CVn event of Apr. 23, 2014 can serve as an example of a flare of type (4).
Notice that the energy of the radiation-chemical decays in a flare depends on the amount of the radioactive stellar substance captured by this flayer from the e-layer/RZ inner boundary and on the energy of the subsequent radiation-chemical decays of this substance within the flare composition; therewith the PFO-CFO Theory allows for determining the nature of the stellar substance in different time periods and the energy of its radiation-chemical decays.
Only the PFO-CFO Theory is capable of explaining the flares of all these four types.
It is necessary to bear in mind that, according to the PFO-CFO Theory, concentration of the substance in the flare can be rather high because it should surmount the resistance of the RZ, and, therefore, its particles collide with each other sufficiently frequently to redistribute the energy among all particles of a flare. Thus, a flare is capable of moving as a comprehensive whole over very long distances until it disperses.
If no other theory, but the PFO-CFO Theory, allows for answering this question by Elena Kadyshevich, this is a rather strong fact counting in favor of our theory.
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