Nothing "banged". It was not anything to hear.

The Big Bang caused Information flow because Information flow is Energy - see my article "Theory of Dark Energy". London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal (LJRS), Volume 25, Issue 1, pp.1-4

The Information flow caused God's speaking. He speak more and more to the world, so that Energy comes continual in the world. - see my article "Dark Energy is not Constant". Applied Sciences Research Periodicals, June 2024, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. o1-02 and my article "Time is Energy and Dynamic Information". Advances in Theoretical & Computationl Physics, 2024-Sept-10, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp. 1-2 (Dynamic Information is Information flow = H/t ) . See also my article "Equivalence of Information flow and Time". OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy, Oct-30-2022, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp.1-2

Dear Sir,

I have long been wondering how the Big Bang occurred—though, according to my understanding, it may not have been a “bang” at all. If you are patient enough to read at least the initial arguments in the attached paper, I hope you will gain insight into how this event might have happened.

You do not need to read the entire paper right away; understanding the points presented in sections 1.1 to 1.5 is a good starting point. These points reveal a contradiction related to the size of the Universe and the gravitational forces resulting from its total mass. This contradiction suggests that there must be an equilibrium between these two factors, but contradiction will be resolved only when the Universe approaches what I call its “death phase.”

In my mathematical framework, this final stage is reached when the only possible solution is a trivial or zero solution, which I refer to as the Γ-equation.

Best regards,

JM

Currently, the Big Bang Cosmology is recognized as the standard cosmology, but the Big Bang Cosmology only claims that the universe initially had high energy density, started out in a relatively small area, and once passed the state of thermal equilibrium, but does not answer questions about the Big Bang event itself or the origin of energy.

The birth of the universe, the origin of energy, and the birth of matter are ultimate questions, but we are not yet in a scientific state where we can provide sufficient answers to these questions.

However, since they are important and ultimate questions, there are efforts to try to explain them, even if they are insufficient.

In this article, I would like to try to explain a little bit with my opinion. I hope you have a fun time.

Let's start with the following equation:

A = A

If we move A from the left side to the right side,

0 = A - A = 0

To make the idea clearer, let's express this a little differently.

0 = (+A) + (-A) = 0

This equation can be conceptually decomposed as "0", "0=(+A)+(-A)", "(+A)+(-A)=0", "0=0".

1)"0" : Something did not exist. Nothing state.

2)"0 = (+A) + (-A)" : (+A) and (-A) were born from nothing. Or "nothing" has changed. Something state.

3)"(+A) + (-A) = 0" : The sum of (+A) and (-A) is still zero. From one perspective it's something, from another perspective it's still “nothing”.

4)"0 = 0" At the beginning and end of the process, the state of “nothing” is maintained.

5) "B = 0 = (+A) + (-A) = 0" : The intelligent life form called humanity defines the first nothing as B. B may be total A, which is the sum of all A, or it may be a new notion.

In other words, “nothing” can create something +A and something -A and still remain “nothing” state. And, the newly created +A and -A create new physical quantities and new changes. For example, in order for the newly created +A and -A to be preserved in space, a new relational equation (example: Continuity equation) must be created.

∂ρ/∂t + ∇·j=0

Is there such a case in the nature or the universe? Yes!

1) Let's look at how the pair creation of particle-antiparticle occurs from photons

B = 0 = (+Q) + (-Q) = 0

The charge of a photon is zero. When photon do pair production, photon do not conserve charge by creating beings with zero charge, but by creating +Q and -Q to preserve zero. That is, in all cases, in all circumstances, in order to satisfy or maintain “nothing”, this equation of the form (+Q) + (-Q) = 0 must hold. This may be because "0" is not representative of all situations and is only a subset of (+Q) + (-Q) = 0. *Not B=0=0+0=0, but B=0=(+Q)+(-Q)=0.

At the beginning and end of the process, the total charge is conserved, but in the middle process +Q and -Q are created. Due to the electric charge generated at this time, new concepts including electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic forces are needed.

2)Let’s look at the birth process of energy

https://icarus2.quora.com/The-Birth-Mechanism-of-the-Universe-from-Nothing-and-New-Inflation-Mechanism

E_T = 0 = (+E) + (-E) = Σmc^2 + Σ(-Gmm/r) = 0

“E_T = 0” represents “Nothing” state.

Mass appears in “Σmc^2” stage, which suggests the state of “Something”.

In other words, “Nothing” produces a negative energy of the same size as that of a positive mass energy and can produce “Something” while keeping the state of “Nothing” in the entire process (“E_T = 0” is kept both in the beginning of and in the end of the process).

3) Lorenz transformation

Lorenz discovered the Lorenz transformation and derived the constancy of the speed of light from the condition that the form of Maxwell's equations must be the same between inertial frames. Einstein derived the Lorenz transformation by assuming the form of the physical law must be the same between inertial frames and the constancy of the speed of light.

One of the principles contained here again is that

the fact or property that something should not change creates something new, such as the Lorenz transformation or the speed of light constant.

4)Gauge transformations

Another example is the case of gauge transformation for scalar potential Φ and vector potential A in electromagnetic fields.

Φ --> Φ - ∂Λ/∂t

A --> A + ∇Λ

Maxwell equations of electromagnetism hold them in the same form for gauge transformation. After all, the existence of some symmetry or the invariance that the shape of a certain physical law must not change requires a gauge transformation, and this leads to the existence of new physical quantities (Λ, ∂Λ/∂t, ∇Λ) that did not exist in the beginning (Φ, A).

This can be interpreted as requiring the birth of a new thing in order for the conserved physical quantity to be conserved and not change. The condition or state that should not change is what makes change.

5)There may be more cases

According to Emmy Noether's theorem, if a system has a certain symmetry, there is a corresponding conserved physical quantity. Therefore, symmetry and conservation laws are closely related.

Conservation of spin, conservation of particle number, conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, conservation of angular momentum, conservation of flux... etc.. New concepts may be born from conservation laws like these.

When conservation laws exist, it may be thought that conservation laws are artificially created by someone, but in principle, A = A is a conservation law. A = B is also another expression of A = A because B is the same as A. It may just be an obvious property or definition.

Why was the universe born? Why did change happen?

Everything in the world can be classified into the following two categories:

Things with "changing property"

Things without "changing property"

“Nothing” or “something” that has the property of changing create change. However, as we saw above, "nothing" or "something" that does not have the property of changing can also create change.

B = 0 = (+Q) + (-Q) = 0

E_T = 0 =(+E) + (-E) = Σmc^2 + Σ-Gmm/r = 0

∂ρ/∂t + ∇·j=0

Φ --> Φ - ∂Λ/∂t

A --> A + ∇Λ

It changes, but does not change!

It changes in order not to change!

What does not change (B = 0) also creates changes in order not to change in various situations (Local, Global, phase transformation, translation, time translation, rotation transformation ...). This is because only the self (B) that does not want to change needs to be preserved.

The change of the universe seems to have created a change by the nature of not changing. The universe created Something (space-time, quantum fluctuation, energy, mass, charge, spin, force, field, potential, conservation laws, continuity equation...) to preserve Nothing. By the way, as this something was born, another something was born, and the birth of something chained like this may still preserve the first "nothing", and in some cases, the first "nothing" itself may also have changed.

Charge and energy are the most fundamental physical quantities of matter or existence. If such fundamental physical quantities can come from "zero" or "nothing", we must consider the possibility that other things can come from "zero" or "nothing" as well.

*Of course, the above explanations are not complete. It is also unclear whether the universe can come from perfect nothing. I also know that the above explanations are not complete. However, even if the explanations are insufficient, I just want to go one step further than before.

Preprint The Birth Mechanism of the Universe from Nothing and New Inf...

Energy and matter may have originated from zero energy.

The Big Bang theory does not provide an explanation for the Big Bang event itself or the origin of energy. Therefore, this question is still an open question.

Energy is a property of an object. Energy is the most fundamental physical quantity, and the following model can be considered in relation to the birth of energy.

1.The birth of energy through the uncertainty principle

In the energy-time uncertainty principle,

ΔEΔt≥hbar/2

ΔE≥hbar/2Δt

if Δt=t_P, ΔE≥hbar/2Δt_P=(1/2)(m_P)c^2 holds.

t_P : Planck time, m_P : Planck mass

That is, during Planck time, energy fluctuations greater than (1/2) the Planck mass energy are possible.

Assuming a spherical mass distribution, and calculating the mass density value of the Planck mass,

ρ_0 = (3/π)ρ_P = 4.924x10^96 [kg/m^3]

It can be seen that it is extremely dense. In other words, the quantum fluctuation that occurred during the Planck time create mass (or energy) with an extremely high density.

The total mass of the observable universe is approximately 3.03x10^54 kg (Since the mass of a proton is approximately 10^-27 kg, approximately 10^81 protons), and the size of the region in which this mass is distributed with the initial density ρ_0 is

R_obs-universe(ρ=ρ_0) = 5.28 x10^-15 [m]

The observable universe is made possible by energy distribution at the level of the atomic nucleus.

Even if there was no energy before the Big Bang, enormous amounts of energy can be created due to the uncertainty principle. In a region smaller than the size of an atomic nucleus, the total mass-energy that exists in the observable universe can be created.

2.Total energy of the system including gravitational potential energy

In the early universe, when only positive mass energy is considered, the mass energy value appears to be a very large positive energy, but when negative gravitational potential energy is also considered, the total energy can be zero and even negative energy.

In the quantum fluctuation process based on the uncertainty principle, there is a gravitational source ΔE, and there is a time Δt for the gravitational force to be transmitted, so gravitational potential energy also exists.

Considering not only positive mass energy but also negative gravitational potential energy, the total energy of the system is

E_T= Σ(m_i)c^2 + Σ-G(m_i)(m_j)/r

For a simple analysis, assuming a spherical uniform distribution,

E_T= Σ(m_i)c^2 + Σ-G(m_i)(m_j)/r = Mc^2 - (3/5)(GM^2)/R

According to the uncertainty principle, during Δt=t_P, energy fluctuation of more than ΔE =(1/2)(m_P)c^2 is possible. However, let us consider that an energy of ΔE=(5/6)(m_P)c^2, slightly larger than the minimum value, was born.

If, Δt=t_P, ΔE=(5/6)(m_P)c^2, 2R =ct_P ; R is the radius of the mass distribution.

https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-3be45372ab121189556ad548fa07c729

The total energy of the system is 0

In other words, a mechanism that generates enormous mass (or energy) while maintaining a Zero Energy State is possible.

If such quantum fluctuations occurred in the range of the size of an atomic nucleus, this mass distribution could expand to form the observable universe. The size of an atomic nucleus is very small, approximately 10^-15m. The size of an atomic nucleus is very small, about 10^-15 m. Therefore, during the Planck density, a drop of sweat from a human could contain 10^36 (observable) universes.

This is not to say that the total energy of the observable universe is zero. This is because gravitational potential energy changes as time passes. This suggests that enormous mass or energy can be created from a zero energy state in the early stages of the universe.

https://icarus2.quora.com/The-Birth-Mechanism-of-the-Universe-from-Nothing-and-New-Inflation-Mechanism