Abdul Rehman One experiment I would recommend is taking 18 Meg ohm or DI water and subjecting it to a ultrasonic probe and measuring the conductivity over a period of time. You may be surprised by the results. Both probe and bath sonication have their issues. It all depends what you want to accomplish. See the following webinar (registration required):

Ultrasound, cavitation, and the singing kettle

https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/learn/events-and-training/webinars/W130619UltrasoundCavitationSingingKettle.html

Stability may not be related to sonication - the 3 steps in making a stable dispersion are wetting, separation (sonication usually in the wet) and stabilization (preventing recombination of separated particles). See:

PST & BDAS - An acronym approach to laser diffraction method development https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/learn/events-and-training/webinars/W190815PST

https://tinyurl.com/y67v3324

The choice of sonication method for nanoparticle dispersion can have a significant impact on the stability of the resulting nanofluids. Both probe sonication and bath sonication can be effective for achieving the dispersion and stability of nanoparticles in a fluid. However, the optimal sonication method can depend on various factors, including the type of nanoparticles, the solvent used, and the intended application.

In general, probe sonication is a more intense and localized form of sonication, which can be helpful in breaking up large agglomerates. However, it can also generate heat and cavitation bubbles, which may damage or agglomerate the nanoparticles. On the other hand, bath sonication is a more gentle form of sonication that can provide a more uniform dispersion. It is also less likely to generate heat and cavitation bubbles, which may help preserve the stability of the nanoparticles.

The frequency of sonication can also be an important factor in determining the stability of nanofluids. Higher frequencies tend to be more effective at breaking up agglomerates, but may also lead to more heat generation and nanoparticle damage. Lower frequencies may be less effective at breaking up agglomerates but can provide a more gentle and uniform dispersion.

Ultimately, the best sonication method for achieving long-term stability may depend on several factors, including the specific nanoparticles and solvents used, the intended application, and the equipment available. It may be necessary to conduct experimental studies to determine the optimal sonication parameters for a given system.