What is the role of gravity in the orbital motions of the planets and galaxies and how does gravity impact the motions within galaxies and the solar system?
Gravity plays a central role in the orbital motions of planets within a solar system and stars within galaxies. It governs the dynamics of these systems, determining how objects move and interact with each other over vast distances and timescales. Here's how gravity impacts orbital motions within galaxies and the solar system:
Orbital Motions of Planets:
Central Force for Orbits: In our solar system, gravity from the Sun acts as the central force that governs the orbits of planets. According to Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation, planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun due to the gravitational attraction between them. The strength of this gravitational force depends on the masses of the Sun and the planets, as well as the distances between them.
Balancing Forces: The gravitational force between a planet and the Sun provides the necessary centripetal force required to keep the planet in its orbit. This balance between gravity and inertia (the tendency of an object to continue moving in a straight line) results in stable orbital paths.
Effects of Mass and Distance: Planets farther from the Sun experience weaker gravitational forces compared to those closer to the Sun. This relationship is described by Kepler's third law, which relates the orbital period (time taken to complete one orbit) and the average distance of a planet from the Sun to the mass of the Sun.
Motions Within Galaxies:
Orbital Dynamics of Stars: Within galaxies, such as our Milky Way galaxy, stars orbit around the galactic center under the influence of gravity. The distribution of mass within the galaxy (including dark matter) determines the orbital velocities of stars. Stars closer to the galactic center orbit faster due to stronger gravitational forces.
Galactic Rotation Curves: Gravity impacts the motions of stars within galaxies as seen in their rotation curves. Observations of galactic rotation curves have revealed that stars and gas in galaxies do not follow the expected Keplerian motion based solely on visible mass (stars and gas) but instead suggest the presence of significant amounts of dark matter—matter that does not emit light but exerts gravitational influence.
Interactions Between Objects: Gravity also plays a role in interactions between objects within galaxies, such as tidal forces that can distort and shape galaxies, and in the formation of structures like spiral arms and galactic bars.
Impacts Within the Solar System:
Orbital Stability: Gravity ensures the overall stability of the solar system by keeping planets in their orbits around the Sun. Any disturbances or interactions between celestial bodies (e.g., gravitational perturbations from other planets) can affect the orbits and motions within the solar system over long periods.
Formation and Evolution: The gravitational interactions during the formation of the solar system led to the segregation of materials and the formation of different types of bodies (terrestrial planets, gas giants, asteroids, etc.). Gravity continues to influence the dynamics of objects within the solar system, including comets, asteroids, and moons.
The role of gravity is the force that shapes the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies; it keeps celestial bodies in orbit, creates tides, and plays a pivotal role in the formation of stars and planets Rk Naresh Very comprehensive answer from Himanshu Tiwari
Successfully combining quantum mechanics and gravitational physics is one of the main challenges of modern science ! Generally speaking, progress in this area is hindered by the fact that we cannot yet perform experiments in regimes where both quantum and gravitational effects are relevant.
At a more fundamental level, as Nobel Prize laureate Roger Penrose once put it, we do not even know whether a combined theory of gravity and quantum mechanics will require a "quantization of gravity" or a "gravitization of quantum mechanics."
Gravity causes the motions of planets, stars, and galaxies. It's why the Moon orbits around the Earth, and the Earth orbits around the Sun, and the solar system orbits around the galaxy. It's all because of gravity. Gravity is the reason stars and planets are spherical.Every object in space exerts a gravitational pull on every other, and so gravity influences the paths taken by everything traveling through space. It is the glue that holds together entire galaxies. It keeps planets in orbit. It makes it possible to use human-made satellites and to go to and return from the Moon. Emphasis for the model is on gravity as the force that holds together the solar system and Milky Way galaxy and controls orbital motions within them. The Sun's gravity pulls the planets in orbit around it, and some planets pull moons in orbit around them. Even spacecraft are in motion through the solar system, either in orbit around the Earth or Moon, or traveling to further worlds, because of gravitational forces. Gravity causes the motions of planets, stars, and galaxies. It's why the Moon orbits around the Earth, and the Earth orbits around the Sun, and the solar system orbits around the galaxy. It's all because of gravity. Gravity is the reason stars and planets are spherical. If not for gravity, planets, moons, and other objects would travel in straight-line paths. With gravity, they are in free fall around the more massive objects that they orbit. In other words, gravity bends the objects' otherwise linear paths into elliptical orbits. An object in orbit - such as Earth around the Sun, or the Solar System around the center of the Milky Way - will continue moving at whatever speed it is moving; all that gravity does is curve its movement inwards. Every object in space exerts a gravitational pull on every other, and so gravity influences the paths taken by everything traveling through space. It is the glue that holds together entire galaxies. It keeps planets in orbit. It makes it possible to use human-made satellites and to go to and return from the Moon. The Sun's gravity pulls the planets in orbit around it, and some planets pull moons in orbit around them. Even spacecraft are in motion through the solar system, either in orbit around the Earth or Moon, or traveling to further worlds, because of gravitational forces. Gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. It's an attractive force that pulls objects towards each other. In the case of a planet and the Sun, the Sun's gravity pulls the planet towards it. At the same time, the planet is moving forward due to its own inertia.