Plenty of work has been done on learning styles, but "learning" is only one type of information processing. For example, decision making is a different process (I think). What research exists concerning "thinking styles"?
Learning styles usually describe how one perceives and processes information, not just processing. There is no real right or wrong with which learning style is dominant for an individual, however one style may suit a different learning environment over another.
I am currently investigating learning styles as part of my research. Perhaps click onto my profile and view my publications on this area. In terms of critical thinking, this involves another area of learning. Perhaps also view my publication on reflective practice. Hope that helps! Best of luck with your research ...
I agree that learning involves processing information. But not all information processing is learning. Make sense? In a Venn diagram, the circles would not completely overlap.
Dual process theory, for example, describes two approaches to thinking, but is not specific to learning. I suppose a person might have a preference for system 1 or system 2, and that might be described as his or her thinking style.
What other theories or conceptualizations exist that might be used to describe how a person prefers to think?
A very useful and systematic model is compiled in NeuroLinguistic Programming. Until recently NLP has not been taken seriously by academia, but this is changing. Worthwhile looking into new research being done: Tosey, Paul and Jane Mathison. “Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Learning Theory: A Response.” Curriculum Journal 14.3 (2003): 371-88.
I can also recommend an old book on your topic:
van Nagel, C., Siudzinski R., Reese Edward and MaryAnn. Megateaching and Learning, NLP Applied to Education. 1 ed., Vol. I Indian Rock Beach, FL 33535 US: Southern Institute press inc. Florida, 1985.