Thank you. I understand this is complicated issue. Even the term is not the same cross the countries. However, I would to clarify how the countries classify the specific learning disabilities, ADHD or DCD, ID and DD stated in DSM or ICD in the special education or special services in education, Thank you for your suggestions. Should I re-phrase my question?

In Aotearoa (New Zealand) the DSM-5 TR is the premium diagnostic text regarding a learning disability and in general discussed by pediatrician's as an Intellectual Disability (ID) provided the criteria is reached for the DSM-5 TR criteria. ADHD is also recognized with the same text however, it is not generally discussed as a disability unless it is coupled with a diagnosis of an ID. I say this from the perspective of being a registered social worker because gaining support in school for a student with ADHD is very difficult unless students have a diagnosed ID. ADHD is seen as behavioural more often than as a disability through the discourse of the language around them. These discourses include being non-compliant, disruptive and disobedient. This sets up a space to blame the students for behaving badly rather than struggling in their learning. Furthermore, parents are often directed to the Incredible Years Parenting Programme and also the teachers of the student in question are offered the same programme but at the teaching level. In my opinion this blames the parents for their children's behaviour and perpetuates the stigma and marginalisation. Additionally, in Aotearoa there is also another layer to this experience regarding gender and culture that relates to perpetuated disparities in learning outcomes for Māori and Pasfika students.

In Thailand, disabilities are categorized into nine types. Learning disabilities are classified as educational disabilities, similar to other disabilities such as Developmental Delay (DD) and Intellectual Disability (ID). A medical diagnosis is required to determine the specific type of learning disability, which can involve reading, writing, or mathematics. ADHD, on the other hand, is classified under the category of behavioral and emotional disorders, another type of educational disability distinct from learning disabilities.

Thank you, Pam. Is the educational disabilities differently treated in schools or in social welfare?

How do you define the educational disabilities? What else do you cover educational disabilities in addition to learning disabilities and ADHD?

Are educational disabilities covered in the special education legislation?

LD diagnostic process is initiated by teachers or specialized educators who utilize the KUS-SI rating scale, a screening tool designed specifically for Thai children aged 6-12. This tool assesses symptoms of ADHD, autism, and learning disabilities. Completed by teachers of Thai and mathematics who have had at least three months of direct experience with the child, the screening results are subsequently referred to medical specialists for further diagnosis. Nevertheless, teachers and educators take a proactive approach by collaborating with parents to create IEPs that address the child's unique challenges.

However, many schools lack the resources to identify and diagnose these students. To tackle this issue, Thailand has been pushing for inclusive education in all schools and hiring more special education teachers.