Answer:

  • Identify duplicates by comparing unique identifiers (e.g., student ID or a combination of name and age).
  • Remove exact duplicates or consolidate partial duplicates by merging relevant information. For instance, if two records show the same student but different treatment dates, combine them into one record with both treatments noted.

Citation: Rahm, E., & Do, H. H. (2000). Data cleaning: Problems and current approaches. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 23(4), 3-13.

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