There are several industrial solid wastes, especially from food processing industries (whose solid wastes are increasing rapidly), which require technological solutions for treating these wastes.
One of the major food processing industrial solid wastes is cellulose. Cellulose is a high molecular weight polymer which constitutes the main part of e.g. the tree trunk or wood. Our body cannot digest the cellulose found in edible plant leaves or fruits or vegetables. In other words, cellulose has resilience against external biological factors as well as withstanding internal biological factors (remembering that it meets first the strong hydrochloric acid in the stomach). It is a dream for applied or industrial chemists to convert cellulose into its monomer "glucose" in a smooth way since when the glucose is obtained, there will be easy transformation of it into ethanol "which is a fuel for cars". So in answering the question, one can say that research is going on for utilizing food solid wastes but unfortunately at a very slow pace since this is a research that is not well-supported.
Thank u Sir
whether it is potato peel, tomato skin seed etc. the cellulose seems to be difficult to be broken down by biological processes
This is because of the heavy nature of this solid waste, but i think putting microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria in supported research this can be done.
Industrial solid food wastes form high molecular compounds that can not be broken down easily by biological processes. It requires a development of special organic synthesis that could breakdown the wastes. A research has to carried out on this. It is possible to achieve good results.
If one uses biodegradation in the soil environment as a reasonable model for biodegradation of industrial solid food wastes, then it follows that optimal biodegradation rates require optimal balances among available nutrients (N, P, S,...), and C substrates. The carbon-to-nitrogen (or phosphorus, sulfur,...) ratio is conventionally regarded as an indicator of the likely lability of the waste/residue to biodegradation. There is, however, an additional consideration. More complex carbon components in wastes/residues (e.g., cellulose, lignin,...) are, in more aerobic environments, degraded more rapidly in the presence of simpler or more labile carbon substrates (e.g., glucose, cellobiose,...). Presumably the simpler substrates provide energy to support production of exoenzymes that initiate breakdown of the more complex C substrates. The less labile C(energy) substrate present relative to more recalcitrant C substrate, the slower the degradation of the recalcitrant substrate.
Industrial food processing presumably concentrates more of the nutrients and the more labile C substrates into the food product, leaving disproportionately less nutrients and labile C substrates in the industrial food waste. It follows then that as the industrial food process becomes more effective in concentrating nutrients and labile C substrates in the food product, that the waste will become more resistant to biodegradation because the wastes are nutrient and labile energy deficient. It then also follows that biodegradability of such wastes will improve to the extent that optimal ratios of nutrient elements to carbon, and more to less labile C substrates can be restored. A practical approach to improving the nutrient-to-carbon and less-to-more labile substrate balances might be blending of wastes from different industrial processes that generate different wastes with complimentary nutrient/labile-recalcitrant compositions.
Additionally, some compounds are more efficiently biodegraded under less well oxidizing conditions. Imposing, for example, anaerobic conditions makes some substrates unavailable, thereby improving the balances of nutrients and labile carbon substrates. The wastes from anaerobic decomposition typically are available substrates when exposed in an aerobic environment. Hence, decomposition in a multi-stage (anaerobic-aerobic-...) waste treatment process can be more rapid and effective than a strictly aerobic or anaerobic or uncontrolled process.
What makes industrial solid waste not or slowlely biogegradable is the presence of celluloses and tanins (a chemical that binds cellulosic fibers). One approach to accelerate degradation is the addition microbes secreting laccases (fungi). Also, it is worthy to mention that composting overcome such problem as they are degraded to yield a compost as a fertilizer.
I think composting is one of the appropriate technology for treating solid waste that can supply urban and peri-urban farmers with much needed fertilizers that have removed potentially harmful bacteria. Composting is an effective tool to manage many food waste products.
This is another method to convert waste to energy.
This is the link, you can check.
http://www.cost-e48.net/11_9_stsm/stsm_stepien.pdf
Because of cellulose and long chain, composting can help a lot here but under control specialky when selecting the right type of microorganisms, temperature, etc
industrial materials of whatever nature have additives which render them not completely amenable to natural processes. The additives may comprise chemicals which are not friendly to the biodegrading agents we know....micro-organisms...which they kill, therefore they cannot be degraded fully because they are enemies to the degrading agents..
Industrial solid wastes consist of high inorganuc matetial in adfition to high concentration of pollutants which makes it difficult to break down
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