I believe that the state of the art in Geosciences are associated first of all with localization and classification of the buried archaeological remains. This idea is traced in some my publications:

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2000. Applicability of geophysical methods for localization of archaeological targets: An introduction. Geoinformatics, 11, No.1, 19-28.

Eppelbaum, L.V., Itkis, S.E. and Khesin, B.E., 2000. Optimization of magnetic investigations in the archaeological sites in Israel, In: Special Issue of Prospezioni Archeologiche “Filtering, Modeling and Interpretation of Geophysical Fields at Archaeological Objects”, 65-92.

Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2001. Prompt magnetic investigations of archaeological remains in areas of infrastructure development: Israeli experience. Archaeological Prospection, 8, No.3, 163-185.

Eppelbaum, L.V. and Itkis, S.E., 2003. Geophysical examination of the archaeological site Emmaus-Nicopolis (central Israel). Collection of Papers of the XIXth International UNESCO Symposium “New Perspectives to Save the Cultural Heritage”, Antalya, Turkey, 395-400.

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2007. Localization of Ring Structures in Earth’s Environments. Jour. of the Archaeological Soc. of the Slovakian Acad. of Sci., Spec. Issue: Arch. Prosp., XLI, 145-148.

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2009. Near-surface temperature survey: An independent tool for buried archaeological targets delineation. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12, Suppl.1, e93-e103.

Eppelbaum, L.V., Khesin, B.E. and Itkis, S.E., 2010. Archaeological geophysics in arid environments: Examples from Israel. Journal of Arid Environments, 74, No. 7, 849-860.Eppelbaum, L.V., 2010. Archaeological geophysics in Israel: Past, Present and Future. Advances in Geosciences, 24, 45-68.

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Study of magnetic anomalies over archaeological targets in urban conditions. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 36, No. 16, 1318-1330.

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2011. Review of environmental and geological microgravity applications and feasibility of their implementation at archaeological sites in Israel. International Journal of Geophysics, doi: 10.1155/2011/927080, ID 927080, 1-9.

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies due to archaeological and environmental targets classified as “quasi thick bed bodies” in complex physical-geological environments. Proceed. of the 2013 SAGEEP Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 26, No. 1, 415-424.

Eppelbaum, L.V., 2013. Potential geophysical fields – inexpensive effective interpretation tool at archaeological sites in the Near East. Izv. Acad. Sci. Azerb. Rep., Ser.: Earth Sciences, No. 3, 23-42.

etc.

Geoscience is so wide, so that answers to the question must come from all earth science components. In my opinion new developments of “radar interferometry” in the largest possible meaning, for the purpose of detecting deformation fields, is one of the very promising areas as a tool for generalized early warning systems against an important variety of natural disasters. (Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, subsidence and sinkholes, landslides…).

Some publications available to download touching on different aspects of the use of radar interferometry, can be found on my page of research gate and the page of my colleague and coauthor (Dr. Damien Closson).

All geological environment is nonlinear. It is expressed in dependence of velocity of propogation from frequency and from amplitude, in dependence of resonant frequencies on a level of excitation. The dynamic response of all geological environment is nonlinear. This problem is under research. Publications are regular in a Nonlinear acoustics and on Symposiums on nonlinear acoustics. In this century International Symposiums on Nonlinear Acoustics( ISNA-16 ) were in Moscow 2002 ,the (ISNA-17) in USA -2005, the (ISNA-18) in Stockholm -2008, and( ISNA- 19) in Tokyo 2012.Publications are in AIP Conference Proceedings http://proseedings.aip.org/proseedings

Thank you all for your contributions/suggestions. I believe it will go a long way in helping follow researchers in the way of knowing the relevant issues. Thanks!

From my personal experience I think using remote sensing techniques to identify lineaments can be very useful in hydro geology and exploration for groundwater.

@Kenneth, #please throw more light on these Lineaments identification, it sound interesting.