The only solution is .....
a) Vegetation.... no place be left without vegetative cover, grow more plants as you can
b) There should be emergency flood water carrying channels
c) Construction of Dams and resorviors
Adaptation is place and context specific, with no single approach for reducing risks appropriate across all settings (high confidence). Effective risk reduction and adaptation strategies consider the dynamics of vulnerability and exposure and their linkages with socioeconomic processes, sustainable development, and climate change. Many of the recommended adaptation options are considered to be “no- regret” as they are consistent with best practice and would be applicable under any future climate scenario. These include improved monitoring, long term, risk based-integrated planning, enhancement of natural systems, decentralization and diversification of options and general social development and flexible, responsive institutions and systems. We have three main options of adaptation for increasing flood magnitude:
• Engineering options include
- Technology
- Information and Intelligence （database, early warning system etc）
• Policy options include
- Law （promoting other options）
- Human resources (capacity development, advertisement)
• Socio-economic options include
- Social system （revision of social systems and practices）
- Economic system （insurance, grants, incentive）
Floods are very immediate hazards and could be significant increases in flood risks in many parts of the country. Adaptation options for reducing future flood risk need to be holistic and require institutional changes, as well as both soft and hard engineering solutions. Catchment management, improved land care practices as part of ecosystem based adaptation approaches and enforcement of zoning regulations are critical adaptation options for increased flood risk. They are however also components of best practice and represent no-regrets options that should be immediately implemented across the country and would be necessary, irrespective of the direction of future climate change impacts. Working for Wetlands programmes, including NRM land user incentives programme as well as enhanced land care and catchment management at local and district municipality levels. Adaption options also include changes to design standards. These include regulatory requirements for water sensitive urban design (WSUD) and increased on-site storm water retention and flood mitigation measures. On a national scale the results of this study have shown that a review of current design standards for key infrastructure, including bridges, dams, and flood lines, for sustainable urban design and the placement of critical infrastructure such as power lines, treatment plants and sub-stations, is sorely required. Changes in design standards are a long-term adaptation measure. A more immediate requirement is for improved maintenance of existing infrastructure. Often significant flood damage results from even small increases in flood risk if there has been insufficient clearing of storm water drains or proper operation and maintenance of roads or other municipal infrastructure.
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