“Those photons are said to be virtual because the ground state cannot radiate. Their presence can be however directly revealed when the system parameters are non-adiabatically modulated in time, transmuting virtual photons into real ones, a process which presents strong analogies with the dynamical Casimir effect and with the Hawking radiation.”

Simone De Liberato, Virtual photons in the ground state of a dissipative system, Nature Communications, 2017

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01504-5

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_a_photon_carrying_an_electromagnetic_force_and_a_photon_carrying_electromagnetic_energy

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