Triangulation is a methodology used in academic research to increase the validity and reliability of findings by collecting and comparing data from multiple sources or methods.

The term "triangulation" comes from the metaphor of using multiple lines of sighting to fix a point on a map. It was initially used in cartography, but the term has been adapted to academic research to reflect the idea that multiple methods or perspectives can be used to converge on a clearer understanding of a research question.

Roseanne Calleja Triangulation is a technique used in academic research to improve the validity and reliability of findings by combining several methodologies or data sources. The premise behind triangulation is that by combining different views or data sources, researchers may cross-check and corroborate their results, increasing confidence in their conclusions.

Triangulation can be utilized in a variety of ways in research, including:

1. Data triangulation is the process of gathering information about a research subject by utilizing various sources of data, such as surveys, interviews, or observations.

2. Investigator triangulation is the use of many researchers or teams to collect or analyze data in order to cross-check results and eliminate researcher bias.

3. Methodological triangulation is the use of various methodologies to collect or evaluate data on a research subject, such as quantitative and qualitative approaches.

4. Theoretical triangulation is the act of mixing and comparing many theoretical views in order to comprehend reality.

5. Triangulation is beneficial not only for boosting the validity of research findings but also for offering a more thorough knowledge of the study issue through the use of different lenses.

One of the key assumptions of triangulation is that using several methodologies or sources will produce a more full and accurate picture of the research subject under consideration. The use of triangulation helps researchers to grasp the issue from several angles, cross-check and corroborate their results, and raise their confidence in the conclusions they reach.

It should also be emphasized that triangulation is not always essential or acceptable in all research investigations, and the approach used should be directed by the study topic and the resources available.

I agree with the definitions given above, but in mixed methods research the term has been used in so many different ways that the editors of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research no longer accept articles that claim to be based on triangulation.

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Cea D’Ancona, M. A. (1999). Metodología cuantitativa: estrategias y técnicas en investigación social .No. 001.8 CEA.

Pasadas del Amo, S., Ruiz Ruiz, J., & Navarro Ardoy, L. (2004). Estrategia multimétodo o triangulación metodológica.en https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/82068