What is the best method can be used for monitoring the coastal waters? What are the recent trends and method?
Here is an educated guess:
It depends on (i) the type of pollution you want to monitor and (ii) the scale at which you want to monitor.
If its large-scale and the pollutant is petroleum-based, red tide, or large changes in salinity then you can rely on remote sensing via satellite imaging. All of the pollution types I mentioned, have spectroscopic signatures that have to be filtered out of the data.
If you are trying to monitor a point of discharge at a coastal location, then the appropriate parameter-specific monitoring probe (e.g., conductivity, DO, other) can be set-up coupled to a data logger and possibly an off-grid solar powered station.
But how to study effect on such pollutants in biological systems?
Dear Jayachandran
It's not in my expertise.
But I did find a paper in this field.
You can read this paper.
Regards
Ahmad
Dear Jayachandran
We have used an innovative technology to monitor and identifying heavy metals pollution hot spots in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas (see below)
Monitoring of metal pollution in waterways across Bangladesh and ecological and public health implications of pollution
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311216906_Monitoring_of_metal_pollution_in_waterways_across_Bangladesh_and_ecological_and_public_health_implications_of_pollution
To answer your question on effect of pollutants on biological systems, as far as I know, there is no remote way of doing this unless you are trying to do general population estimates in an area affected by pollution. The way the effects are evaluated on a more specific basis in animal receptors is via biomarker analysis. I am not an expert in this area but I am sure you can turn up some key review papers just by doing a Google Scholar search.
You need to specify whether it is air, water or land pollution monitoring. However, a combination of remote sensing and observatories (where raw data is collected and analyzed) is used for coastal pollution monitoring. Remote sensing uses satelites to collect data while observatories analyze samples directly and also collect samples for ex-situ analyses
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