Responding to this question leads to rethinking the water issue toward a holistic vision to improve national water and food security. This holistic approach is based on the analysis of comprehensive national water balances: underground and surface water "Blue Water", soil water reserves "Green water", and the net "Virtual Water" flux related to foodstuffs imports/exports; in order to conciliate in a sustainable way water resource management within Climate Change Context.

In line with previous post. This paper, tries to answer the following question: is it possible to predict Water Resources only with GCMs, without downscaling, and what would be the resulting uncertainties? Besbes M., Chahed J. "Predictability of water resources with global climate models. Case of Northern Tunisia", Published online: 12 June 2023, Les Comptes Rendus. Géoscience. Available on: Article Predictability of water resources with global climate models...

Dr Jamel Chahed thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. In sustainable agriculture, is to reduce the input of external energy and to substitute non-renewable energy sources with renewable sources as solar and wind power, biofuels from agricultural waste, or, where economically feasible, animal. Several approaches are possible for achieving sustainability and food security, such as limiting food losses and waste, eating more plant based foods or recycling foodstuffs. A sustainable food system is one that guarantees food security and nutrition for all in such a way that economic, social and environmental conditions are not compromised for future generations. By adopting sustainable practices, farmers will reduce their reliance on nonrenewable energy, reduce chemical use and save scarce resources. Keeping the land healthy and replenished can go a long way when considering the rising population and demand for food. Eat local, seasonal foods. Purchase sustainably produced foods and learns more about farming practices and labeling. Avoid excessive packaging, which is likely to end up as landfill. Don't waste food: eliminating food waste could reduce global carbon emissions by 8-10 per cent. Prominent among these are topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm laborers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. Sustainable agriculture or climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are integrated approaches that bring climate-friendly practices to livestock and crop production. It helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions or increase carbon sequestration. Sustainable agriculture and food systems such as organic agriculture and agro-ecology improve food security, eradicate hunger and are economically viable, while conserving land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, biodiversity and ecosystems and enhancing resilience to climate change and natural disasters. Improve soil health. This is hugely important. Increasing organic carbon in soil helps it better retain water and allows plants to access water more readily, increasing resilience to drought. It also provides more nutrients without requiring as much chemical fertilizer -- which is a major source of emissions.

This research [1] represents a valuable contribution toward Food Security from a sustainable agriculture perspective. One may read within the conclusion: "The development of the society should be done in such a way that it helps to protect our environment and also helps us to development it. The environmental biotechnology has a role to play in the removal of the pollutants. Also biotransformation makes possibility of producing many useful industrial enzymes and product without causing any hazardous to the natural environment. In this way microbes and biotechnology go side by side to benefits the man kinds".

[1] Sonia Kumari, A.K Jha, Rakesh Kumar and Rajni Kant (2018), Role of Microbial Biotechnology in Sustainable Agricultural and Environment, Chem Sci Rev Lett 2018, 6 (21), 88-93

Article Role of Microbial Biotechnology in Sustainable Agricultural ...

Dr Jamel Chahed thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Progress in understanding Climate Change and its effects needs advances in modeling Climate Phenomena. "IPCC Models" "Climate Models" "General Circulation Models", appellations are of no importance. It is in all cases Physics-Driven Models developed within multi-disciplinary scientific teams worldwide to describe the evolution of weather phenomena (at short time scales) and climate phenomena that involve long time-scale processes, more complex to analyze, as part of these phenomena are not yet well understood.

This is why, despite the enormous progress already achieved, the predictability of Climate Models (The Earth System Models, ESMs), are not yet sufficiently accurate. The standard deviations between the different models remain of the same order of magnitude as the mean values and huge biases on regional levels are noticed and well documented in technical and scientific references of each of the models.

This should lead us to admit that more research is needed to improve our knowledge of the driving forces that control the climate in order to build more accurate predictive climate models, as scientists do well for weather prediction

See also:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Climate_Change_and_Climate_Models_Progress_and_Limits

Dr Jamel Chahed thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Climate Resilient Agriculture involves sustainable agricultural practices that enhance productivity, mitigate risks, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By adopting climate-resilient agriculture, farmers can ensure food security in the face of extreme weather events and climate change.Besides, sustainable agriculture promotes rural development and resilience. By prioritizing small-scale farming, it encourages the involvement of local communities in agricultural practices. This can help revitalize rural areas, create job opportunities, and improve the overall quality of life. By adopting sustainable practices, farmers will reduce their reliance on nonrenewable energy, reduce chemical use and save scarce resources. Keeping the land healthy and replenished can go a long way when considering the rising population and demand for food. Sustainable agriculture gives equal weight to environmental, social, and economic concerns in agriculture. Agricultural sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A sustainable agriculture approach seeks to utilize natural resources in such a way that they can regenerate their productive capacity, and also minimize harmful impacts on ecosystems beyond a field's edge. Sustainable agriculture practices and systems improve farmers' food security by diversifying their sources of food and income. They also increase food security for families living in agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is a type of agriculture that focuses on producing long-term crops and livestock while having minimal effects on the environment. This type of agriculture tries to find a good balance between the need for food production and the preservation of the ecological system within the environment. Sustainable agriculture can help in environmental protection by: Reducing pollution: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation and covers cropping, can help to reduce soil erosion and nutrient runoff. This can help to improve water quality and reduce the amount of pollution that enters our waterways. Green and climate-resilient agriculture employs agricultural practices, technologies and innovations that enhance productivity in a sustainable manner, increase resilience and food security, reduce GHG emissions and ensure higher incomes for small-scale producers. Climate-resilient agriculture practices look at adaptive agricultural methods that can withstand the shocks of climate change and weather extremes. These practices must be flexible enough to prepare and tackle long-term climate change as well as short-term weather shocks such as storms, hail, droughts, etc. Climate-resilient agriculture (CRA) is an approach that includes sustainably using existing natural resources through crop and livestock production systems to achieve long-term higher productivity and farm incomes under climate variability.

The effects of climate change for the next century are fairly well predicted as far as temperature is concerned. The hydrologic effects are much more uncertain. Nevertheless, the current prediction is that the temperature increase will generate a significant acceleration of the water cycle, with more evaporation. The global rainfall will thus increase, but its spatial distribution is much more uncertain.

See also: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226652110_Changing_Water_Resources_and_Food_Supply_in_Arid_Zones_TunisiaArticle Predictability of water resources with global climate models...

Dr Jamel Chahed thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Sustainable agriculture is an eco-friendly approach that reduces the reliance on limited natural resources. Its careful farming methods, such as crop rotation, intercropping, and companion planting, help protect soil health and water quality while eliminating the need for damaging practices. Sustainable agriculture or climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are integrated approaches that bring climate-friendly practices to livestock and crop production. It helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions or increase carbon sequestration. Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. Sustainable agriculture practices and systems improve farmers' food security by diversifying their sources of food and income. They also increase food security for families living in agriculture. The development of sustainable food production and biodiversity can help reduce hunger, improve the food security status and provide a nutritious diet for the world's population. By adopting sustainable practices, farmers will reduce their reliance on nonrenewable energy, reduce chemical use and save scarce resources. Keeping the land healthy and replenished can go a long way when considering the rising population and demand for food. Sustainable agriculture not only benefits the environment but also emphasizes social and economic equity. By promoting fair trade practices, it ensures that farmers receive a fair price for their produce, enabling them to sustain their livelihoods. Sustainable agriculture gives equal weight to environmental, social, and economic concerns in agriculture. Agricultural sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

This review [1] of the book “Sustainability perspectives: science, policy and practice” entitled "A Global View on Sustainability" provides a detailed view on the various challenges and opportunities for environmental development by considering theoretical and applied aspects of sustainability science, policy implications, and management practices in several countries around the world.It synthesizes current knowledge, provides perspectives, and describes diverse approaches and innovations aimed at dealing with the environmental crisis, which is primarily caused by anthropogenic activities" [1] A global view on sustainability: a review of the book “Sustainability perspectives: science, policy and practice” by Peter A. Khaiter and Marina G. Erechtchoukova (eds.), Springer Nature Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 1st ed. 2020, 362 pp

Article A global view on sustainability: a review of the book “Susta...

See also:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Adaptation_and_Resilience_to_Climate_Change_Temporal_Paradox_versus_Chronology_Protection_Conjecture/27

Dr Jamel Chahed thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Green and climate-resilient agriculture employs agricultural practices, technologies and innovations that enhance productivity in a sustainable manner, increase resilience and food security, reduce GHG emissions and ensure higher incomes for small-scale producers. Sustainable agriculture is an eco-friendly approach that reduces the reliance on limited natural resources. Its careful farming methods, such as crop rotation, intercropping, and companion planting, help protect soil health and water quality while eliminating the need for damaging practices. Sustainable agriculture can help in environmental protection by: Reducing pollution: Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation and covers cropping, can help to reduce soil erosion and nutrient runoff. This can help to improve water quality and reduce the amount of pollution that enters our waterways. By diversifying crop and livestock production systems, biodiversity and resilience can be enhanced, which can boost the agricultural output and encourage environmental sustainability. Agroforestry, intercropping and mixed farming are common methods to diversify both crop and livestock production systems. By adopting sustainable practices, farmers will reduce their reliance on nonrenewable energy, reduce chemical use and save scarce resources. Keeping the land healthy and replenished can go a long way when considering the rising population and demand for food.Conservation agriculture technologies (reduced tillage, crop rotations, and cover crops), soil conservation practices (contour farming) and nutrient recharge strategies can refill soil organic matter by giving a protective soil cover. Efficient land use and healthy soils are important for food security. Integrated land and water management practices improve agricultural production and enhance soil productivity and its resilience against desertification and other impacts of climate change and variability.The development of sustainable food production and biodiversity can help reduce hunger, improve the food security status and provide a nutritious diet for the world's population. By adopting sustainable practices, farmers will reduce their reliance on nonrenewable energy, reduce chemical use and save scarce resources. Keeping the land healthy and replenished can go a long way when considering the rising population and demand for food. Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate change will create new, or alter current, climate-related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these risks.