a copolymer is a polymer composed of at least two monomeric units in the main chain. There exist many architecture arrengements: block, graft, alternating, atactic, isotactic, syndiotactic,....., and others.
They are synthesized via many polymerization techniques depending on the targeted final structure.
Polymers can be converted to block copolymers if they bearing chemical specific functional groups which will be the starting points.
As exemple: Polyethylene glycols possessing OH groups at one or both ends may be used as a macro-intiator in a redox polymerization with cerium ammonium sulfate or nitrate to polymerize another monomer, and to end up with a block copolymer. The same polyethylene glycols can be end functionalized with NMP, ATRP, and RAFT/MADIX processes to be used in the same way as previously described. Regards
there are pleinty of books and review papers covering the basic concepts and terminolgy related to polymer science. The attached file is one of them. Please feel free to ask me for any specific documents. Regards