In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.[1] Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".[2]

As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect.[3] A quip in Tesler's Theorem says "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet."[4] For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI, having become a routine technology.[5] Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech,[6] competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go),[7] autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, and military simulations.

Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism,[8][9] followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"),[10][11] followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding.[9][12] For most of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[13] These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g. "robotics" or "machine learning"),[14] the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical differences.[15][16][17] Subfields have also been based on social factors (particular institutions or the work of particular researchers).[13]

Article Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs to KnowKaplanJe...

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Chapter Artificial Intelligence in Education: Current Insights and F...

If you’re really interested in learning AI, I suggest to you the best course by Dr. Andrew Ng, you can find the whole course in the following link

https://www.coursera.org/learn/ai-for-everyone

BTW, Dr. Ng is a professor at Stanford University, he has great courses about AI, ML, and DL!

The course suggested in coursera is really great. You an also register with jeson machine learning. He will send mails and you will be able to learn from zero level.

You can also have basic understanding from the portal Think vidya. The explanations are lucid and codes are available.

Different research articles suggests bright future of AI. However, these are predictions not the actual.

Thank you very much dear Cristian Ramos-Vera and Mokhaled N. A. Al-Hamadani and Shirshendu Roy . I appreciate your posts a lot.

The main idea of AI is to model the natural physical world into mathematical model (nominal model). Mathematical model is nothing but approximate model of the real world. Through mathematical represented models of real world, we can make measurements computations and visualizations. A mathematical coding (or mathematical modelling) of the real world or Physical world can further be coded for fast calculations/computations or visualizations through computer coding (computer programming), .... all such process is a base of AI.

A good book on AI is: http://users.isr.ist.utl.pt/~wurmd/Livros/school/Bishop%20-%20Pattern%20Recognition%20And%20Machine%20Learning%20-%20Springer%20%202006.pdf

Dear Muhammad Ali, Thanks for introducing this very good book.

Too many questions and I would like contribute in the following:

Since its inception in 1956, artificial intelligence has been defined as the intelligence shown by machines and programs in a manner that simulates human mental capabilities and working patterns, such as the ability to learn, infer, and react to situations not programmed in the machine, and it is also a name for an academic field concerned with how to make computers and programs capable of taking intelligent behavior And senior researchers define artificial intelligence as "studying and designing smart systems that absorb their environment and take measures that increase their chances of success", while John McCarthy - who coined this term in 1955 - defines it as "the science and engineering of making smart machines."

Philosophy is believed by many to be the primary factor on which artificial intelligence relies on understanding, analyzing matters and making appropriate decisions. Accordingly, the American scientist David Deutsch acknowledged that philosophy holds the solution to reaching a stage of artificial intelligence that simulates that found in the human mind or what is known as AGI, which Some believe that it is far from reality at the present time and for years to come because modern science has not reached a complete understanding of the way the human mind works with all the technological development present, others reject the idea of ​​the great development of artificial intelligence and believes that it must stand at a certain limit in order not to cause a danger Me the human race.

In December 2014, the famous physicist Stephen Hawking indicated that developing a complete artificial intelligence may pave the way to the annihilation of humankind, warning of the ability of machines to self-redesign, as the founder and former president of Microsoft Bill Gates announced last year that he wanted robots to remain stupid. To some extent, he said, “I am in the camp of someone who is concerned about supernatural intelligence.” On the other hand, some experts believe that the techniques of artificial intelligence will not pose any risks to mankind, among them is the Canadian computer science professor Joshua Pingyo, who believes You should be concerned about smart technologies, Is the need for many years of slow and gradual development before it reaches the extent to which analysts fear, because it is based on the evolution of the science and ideas are still in their infancy now first.

Pingyo stresses that accessing artificial intelligence in its expected form will not be surprising, that is, not as some people like it, discovering a super magic formula, as he put it, so the production of integrated artificial intelligence systems still needs to develop current science and invent new science, that is, in other words, no one will come out Scientists have a smart technology that will change the world overnight, as in science fiction movies.

Dear Maged Gumaan Bin-Saad

Thank you very much. I appreciate your post a lot.

artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning and self-correction. Some of the applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision

AI has been used to develop and advance numerous fields and industries, including finance, healthcare, education, transportation, and more.

Branches of artificial intelligence

• Early cybernetics and brain simulation –
• Behavior based AI – Subsumption architecture –
• Nouvelle AI –
• Soft computing – Computational creativity – Machine learning. Neural networks – Hybrid neural network – Recurrent neural network – Perceptron. Support Vector Machines (SVM)

In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.[1] Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".[2]

As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect.[3] A quip in Tesler's Theorem says "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet."[4] For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI, having become a routine technology.[5] Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech,[6] competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go),[7] autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, and military simulations.

Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism,[8][9] followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"),[10][11] followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding.[9][12] For most of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[13] These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g. "robotics" or "machine learning"),[14] the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical differences.[15][16][17] Subfields have also been based on social factors (particular institutions or the work of particular researchers).[13]

It is artificial cognition; the behavioral agenda of humans, animals and machines is subject to computer programming.

Thank you very much dear D A Gayan Nayanajith and Ahmed Hussein Ali and Stephen I. Ternyik .

It is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.

You are welcome... Many thanks for initiating the discussion...