Keye's seven countries study was an ecologic study and hence does not contribute to causation. The original Framingham studies could not fractionate cholesterol. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis have been consistently negative for adverse outcomes. The intakes of glucose and fructose are causal in obesity and metabolis syndrome but were not controlled for in early studies. Why then is saturated fats avoidance still a frequent recommendation?
I would like to refer you to Dr Peter JH Jones at the University of Manitoba....Here is his link https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Jones30 He has done extensive research in the area of CVD risk and diet.
The results of articles are confounding.
There are some articles that advocate the recommendation to replace SFA with unsaturated fats in order to decrease risks of CHD, for instance:
http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/66/14/1538
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2530902?resultClick=1
http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5796
On the other hand there are articles that oppose the following recommendation such as:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25045347
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723079
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20071648
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268692
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068959
At the end of the day, there doesn’t seem to be any reason for the general population to worry about saturated fat.
There are other issues that are much more worthy of your attention, like avoiding sugary soda and junk food, eating healthy food and exercising.
Xenophon Thank you for your careful and well researched answer. I hope to call on you when next in your area of hte world if you would agree.
Richard
Dear Xenophon,
You refer to one of my publications in saying that is opposites the cureent recommendations. I am sorry to see that you have completely misunderstood the results of the SR we have carefully performed. This SR was performed within the updating process of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), which were published in Oct 2013. The NNR is completely in line with other recommendations in recommending the restriction of SFA and favoring unsaturated fat. You can foundthe recommendations at https://www.norden.org/.../nordic-nutrition-recommendation/.
Best regards,
Ursula
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